Effects of cefepime injection: A Synthesis of Findings from 11 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Multiple studies have shown that candesartan has various effects on blood vessels in hypertensive patients. 6 found that candesartan significantly improved endothelial function, reduced oxidative stress, and suppressed inflammatory cytokines in hypertensive patients. 2 showed that candesartan effectively lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients, with doses of 16mg and 32mg being the most effective. On the other hand, 7 found that candesartan was effective for heart failure patients who were intolerant to ACE inhibitors. 1 indicated that candesartan effectively reduced blood pressure in hypertensive patients. 4 showed that candesartan demonstrated better efficacy and tolerability when switched from other antihypertensive medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers. 9 showed that candesartan did not demonstrate any benefits in lowering blood pressure in stroke patients. 5 found that candesartan was more effective in lowering blood pressure compared to losartan. 11 showed that candesartan was less effective in reducing proteinuria compared to azilsartan in patients with chronic kidney disease. 10 concluded that candesartan had similar blood pressure-lowering effects compared to telmisartan. 8 demonstrated that candesartan combined with lisinopril was more effective in lowering blood pressure than lisinopril alone. 3 showed that candesartan had a longer duration of blood pressure-lowering effect compared to losartan.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Candesartan has been shown to effectively lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. 2 Additionally, candesartan may offer benefits such as improving endothelial function, reducing oxidative stress, and suppressing inflammatory cytokines. 6 Furthermore, candesartan may be effective for heart failure patients who are intolerant to ACE inhibitors. 7 Candesartan has also shown to have better efficacy and tolerability when switched from other antihypertensive medications. 4

Risk Summary

While candesartan is generally considered a safe medication, reported side effects include dizziness, headache, and fatigue. 6 Pregnant women should avoid taking candesartan. 6 Patients with kidney or liver disease should consult with a doctor before taking candesartan. 6

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities of Studies

Most studies demonstrated that candesartan effectively lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients. 2 , 1 , 4 , 5 , 8 The studies also generally concluded that candesartan is safe. 6 , 2 , 7 , 1 , 4 , 5 , 8

Differences in Studies

The effectiveness of candesartan may vary depending on the patient's condition and any concurrent medications. For example, 7 found candesartan to be effective for heart failure patients who were intolerant to ACE inhibitors, but 9 showed no benefit in lowering blood pressure in stroke patients. Additionally, 11 found that candesartan was less effective in reducing proteinuria compared to azilsartan in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While candesartan has been shown to effectively lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients, 9 found no blood pressure-lowering effect in stroke patients. This suggests that the effectiveness of candesartan may vary depending on the patient's condition. Additionally, 11 showed that candesartan was less effective in reducing proteinuria compared to azilsartan in patients with chronic kidney disease, suggesting that the effectiveness of candesartan may vary depending on the type and dosage of the medication.

Implications for Real-Life Applications

Candesartan is generally a safe medication, but it is important to be aware of potential side effects such as dizziness, headache, and fatigue. 6 Pregnant women should avoid taking candesartan. 6 Patients with kidney or liver disease should consult with a doctor before taking candesartan. 6 Candesartan may interact with other medications. Therefore, it is important to discuss any other medications you are taking with your doctor before starting candesartan. 6

Limitations of Current Research

There is still a lack of sufficient research on the effects of candesartan. Particularly, more studies are needed to investigate the effects of candesartan on specific patient populations, such as stroke patients and patients with chronic kidney disease. 9 , 11

Future Research Directions

Future research on candesartan should investigate the effects on specific patient populations such as stroke patients and patients with chronic kidney disease. 9 , 11 Research on the combined effects of candesartan with other medications is also needed. 8 Additionally, research on the long-term effects of candesartan is necessary.

Conclusion

Candesartan has been shown to effectively lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. 2 It may also offer benefits such as improving endothelial function, reducing oxidative stress, and suppressing inflammatory cytokines. 6 While candesartan is generally safe, it's important to be aware of the risk of side effects. 6 If you are considering taking candesartan, consult your doctor.

Literature analysis of 11 papers
Positive Content
10
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
10
1
0
0
11
1.

Effects of candesartan cilexetil in patients with systemic hypertension. Candesartan Cilexetil Study Investigators.

Author: ReifM, WhiteW B, FaganT C, OparilS, FlanaganT L, EdwardsD T, CushingD J, MichelsonE L

Hypertension treatment

Candesartan cilexetil, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, effectively reduces blood pressure in a dose-related manner while maintaining safety and tolerability. Doses of 16 and 32 mg are most effective for treatment of hypertension.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Effective dose range of candesartan cilexetil for systemic hypertension. Candesartan Cilexetil Study Investigators.

Author: BellT P, DeQuattroV, LasseterK C, RuffD, HardisonJ D, CushingD, KezerA E, MichelsonE L

Lower blood pressure

This study found that candesartan cilexetil has clinically meaningful, dose-related blood pressure-lowering effects in hypertensive patients, with maximum reduction achieved at doses of 16 and 32 mg once daily.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of candesartan and losartan in man.

Author: FuchsB, Breithaupt-GröglerK, BelzG G, RollS, MalerczykC, HerrmannV, Spahn-LangguthH, MutschlerE

Blood pressure control

This double-blind, crossover study compared the in-vivo angiotensin II antagonistic effects of candesartan and losartan. Candesartan showed a greater antagonistic effect than losartan, despite similar plasma activity.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

[Change from ACE inhibitor, Ca-antagonist or beta-blocker to candesartan cilexetil: better efficacy and tolerance. SWITCH study (German study segment)].

Author: BaumgartP, ReismannJ, PohlmeyerH, DüsingR

Blood pressure reduction
Hypertension treatment

This study compared the efficacy and tolerability of direct switching to the Angiotensin II-antagonist candesartan cilexetil at its maximal dose with starting therapy at a lower dose and up-titrating.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

5.

Comparative effects of candesartan cilexetil and losartan in patients with systemic hypertension. Candesartan Versus Losartan Efficacy Comparison (CANDLE) Study Group.

Author: GradmanA H, LewinA, BowlingB T, TonkonM, DeedwaniaP C, KezerA E, HardisonJ D, CushingD J, MichelsonE L

Improved tolerability
Reduced blood pressure
Lack of efficacy
Side effects

This study compared the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil and losartan in patients with systemic hypertension and found that candesartan was significantly more effective than losartan in reducing blood pressure.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Pleiotropic effects of angiotensin II receptor blocker in hypertensive patients.

Author: KohKwang Kon, AhnJeong Yeal, HanSeung Hwan, KimDae Sung, JinDong Kyu, KimHyung Sik, ShinMi-Seung, AhnTae Hoon, ChoiIn Suck, ShinEak Kyun

Endothelial dysfunction reversal
Fibrinolysis improvement
Oxidant stress reduction

Candesartan reversed endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients, suggesting that AT1 receptor blocker therapy has antiatherogenic effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

ACE inhibitor intolerance and lessons learned from the candesartan in heart failure: assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM) trials.

Author: SicaDomenic A

Heart failure treatment
Glomerular filtration rate reduction
Hyperkalemia
Hypotension

Candesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, was found to be effective in reducing heart failure events and death in patients who were unable to tolerate ACE inhibitors.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Antihypertensive efficacy of candesartan-lisinopril in combination vs. up-titration of lisinopril: the AMAZE trials.

Author: IzzoJoseph L, WeinbergMarc S, HainerJames W, KerkeringJoseph, TouConrad K P,

Reduced blood pressure

This study compared the effects of adding candesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, to lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor, to the effects of increasing the dose of lisinopril. Both treatments were effective in lowering blood pressure, but adding candesartan to lisinopril resulted in a slightly greater decrease in blood pressure.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Effects of blood pressure-lowering treatment in different subtypes of acute ischemic stroke.

Author: SandsetElse Charlotte, JusufovicMirza, SandsetPer Morten, BathPhilip M W, BergeEivind,

Improved functional outcome
Limited evidence

There was a trend toward a better effect of candesartan in patients with larger ischemic stroke infarcts (total anterior circulation or partial anterior circulation) than in patients with smaller infarcts (lacunar infarction). However, this finding needs to be confirmed in future trials.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

A Meta-analysis of antihypertensive effect of telmisartan versus candesartan in patients with essential hypertension.

Author: ZhaoDi, LiuHui, DongPingshuan

Telmisartan and candesartan, two angiotensin II receptor blockers, are both effective in lowering blood pressure. However, a meta-analysis revealed that there is no significant difference in antihypertensive effect between the two drugs.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

11.

Stronger Effect of Azilsartan on Reduction of Proteinuria Compared to Candesartan in Patients with CKD: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Author: SuehiroTakaichi, TsuruyaKazuhiko, YoshidaHisako, TsujikawaHiroaki, YamadaShunsuke, TanakaShigeru, TsuchimotoAkihiro, EriguchiMasahiro, FujisakiKiichiro, TorisuKumiko, NakanoToshiaki, KitazonoTakanari

CKD treatment

This open-label, randomized, crossover trial compared the antiproteinuric effect of azilsartan and candesartan in CKD patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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