Effects of chlordiazepoxide: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Chlordiazepoxide has been shown to have anxiolytic effects in various animal models, reducing anxiety and fear. 20 、 13 、 10 、 8 、 3 Specifically, in experiments using rats and mice, chlordiazepoxide promotes entering spaces that induce anxiety, called open arms, indicating an anxiolytic effect. 20 、 15 、 8 、 3 Furthermore, chlordiazepoxide has been shown to be effective in suppressing fear responses triggered by fear conditioning and predator odor, indicating its potential for stress management. 24 、 12 Additionally, chlordiazepoxide has been shown to influence the performance of behaviors in different reinforcement schedules and learning tasks. 21 、 19 、 9 、 4 These studies indicate the possibility of chlordiazepoxide impacting learning and memory processes. 22 、 19 、 4

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Chlordiazepoxide is expected to have the benefit of alleviating symptoms of anxiety and fear. 20 、 13 、 10 、 8 、 3 It may also be effective in suppressing fear responses triggered by stress, suggesting potential for stress management. 24 、 12 Some studies suggest the possibility of chlordiazepoxide contributing to improved learning and memory. 22 、 19 、 4

Risks Summary

Chlordiazepoxide poses a risk of developing dependence and tolerance. 7 Side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and decreased concentration have also been reported. 20 、 15 It is crucial to exercise caution during pregnancy as the impact on the fetus is a concern. 14

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities in Research

Many studies have demonstrated that chlordiazepoxide has anxiolytic effects, reducing anxiety and fear. 20 、 13 、 10 、 8 、 3 Chlordiazepoxide has been shown to influence behavior and neural activity in different animal models. 21 、 19 、、 16 、 9 、 4 、 3

Differences in Research

The effects of chlordiazepoxide have been shown to vary depending on the animal species, experimental model, dosage, and experimental conditions. 18 、 15 Some studies suggest the possibility of chlordiazepoxide negatively impacting learning and memory. 22 、 19 、 4 Additionally, chlordiazepoxide has been shown to affect specific neurotransmitter systems. 23 、、 16 、 8 、 3

Consistency and Inconsistencies in the Results

The effects of chlordiazepoxide are consistent in some aspects, but inconsistencies have also been observed in certain studies. 22 、 19 、 18 、 15 、 4 For example, some studies indicate that chlordiazepoxide inhibits learning and memory, while others demonstrate a facilitating effect on learning and memory. 22 、 19 、 4 These inconsistencies are likely due to variations in animal species, experimental models, dosage, and experimental conditions. 18 、 15

Considerations for Real-World Application

While chlordiazepoxide has potential for reducing anxiety and fear, it also carries a risk of dependence and tolerance. 7 Side effects like drowsiness, dizziness, and decreased concentration have also been reported. 20 、 15 It is essential to exercise caution during pregnancy as the impact on the fetus is a concern. 14 When using chlordiazepoxide, it is imperative to strictly follow your doctor's instructions to ensure safety.

Limitations of Current Research

Most research on chlordiazepoxide has been conducted using animal models, necessitating caution in directly applying the findings to humans. 14 It is expected that the effects of chlordiazepoxide can vary significantly between individuals. 18 、 15

Future Research Directions

Clinical trials are necessary to better understand the effects of chlordiazepoxide in humans. 14 Neuroscience research is also needed to clarify the mechanisms of action of chlordiazepoxide. 23 、、 16 、 8 、 3

Conclusion

While chlordiazepoxide holds potential for reducing anxiety and fear, it's important to remember that it also carries a risk of dependence and side effects. 20 、 13 、 10 、 8 、 3 When considering using chlordiazepoxide, always follow your doctor's instructions and prioritize safety. 7 Future research should focus on further investigating the effects of chlordiazepoxide in humans and on clarifying its mechanisms of action through neuroscience studies. 14 、 23 、、 16 、 8 、 3

Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
17
Neutral Content
3
Negative Content
4
Article Type
0
0
0
0
24
1.

Effects of chlordiazepoxide on pausing during rich-to-lean transitions.

Author: LangfordJeremy S, BatchelderSydney R, HasteD Austin, ThumanElizabeth P, PittsRaymond C, HughesChristine E

Anxiolytic
Chlordiazepoxide

This study investigated the effects of chlordiazepoxide on pausing behavior in pigeons during transitions between rich and lean reinforcement conditions. Chlordiazepoxide selectively decreased pausing during rich-to-lean transitions, suggesting that these transitions function aversively.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Responses to positive and aversive stimuli in estrous female rats housed in a seminatural environment: Effects of yohimbine and chlordiazepoxide.

Author: Le MoëneOlivia, ÅgmoAnders

Anxiolytic effects

The effects of anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs in rats housed in a seminatural environment were less pronounced compared to highly standardized tests. This suggests that social buffering and controllability in a complex environment may influence drug effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Effects of plus-maze experience and chlordiazepoxide on anxiety-like behavior and serotonin neural activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats.

Author: GrahnRuth E, KalmanBrian A, VlasatyJennifer A, PernaJaclyn A, Nevins-HerbertChristine, PattonStephanie M, BarisonLeah K

Anxiety-like behavior

The study examines the role of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) in anxiety-like behavior and the effects of chlordiazepoxide, a benzodiazepine anxiolytic, in maze-experienced rats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Memory interfering effects of chlordiazepoxide on consummatory successive negative contrast.

Author: OrtegaLeonardo A, GlueckAmanda C, DanielAlan M, Prado-RiveraMayerli A, WhiteMichelle M, PapiniMauricio R

Attenuates cSNC
Enhances cSNC effect

This study investigated the effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC) in rats. CDP administered after a downshift trial enhanced the cSNC effect, suggesting that it interferes with the consolidation of the memory of the downshifted incentive.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

5.

The effects of chlordiazepoxide and d-amphetamine during a three-component multiple schedule.

Author: RomanowichPaul, LambR J

This study investigates the influence of the context of a multiple schedule of reinforcement on the effects of chlordiazepoxide and d-amphetamine in pigeons. The results suggest that the context of the schedule of reinforcement can significantly influence the effects of drugs on behavior.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

6.

Working memory in the odor span task: effects of chlordiazepoxide, dizocilpine (MK801), morphine, and scopolamine.

Author: GalizioMark, DealMelissa, HawkeyAndrew, AprilBrooke

Impaired memory

The odor span task (OST) was used to assess the effects of several amnestic agents on working memory in rats. Dizocilpine, an NMDA antagonist, impaired OST performance in a dose-dependent manner that was related to the number of stimuli to remember. Chlordiazepoxide also produced amnestic effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

7.

Continuous evaluation of drug withdrawal in the rat using telemetry: effects of morphine and chlordiazepoxide.

Author: Froger-ColléauxChristelle, RompionSonia, GuillaumePhilippe, PorsoltRoger D, CastagnéVincent, MoserPaul

Improved withdrawal assessment

Telemetry devices can be used to assess withdrawal effects across a broad range of pharmacological and therapeutic classes. This technique is useful as part of safety pharmacology abuse liability evaluation of novel test substances.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Involvement of NMDA receptor complex in the anxiolytic-like effects of chlordiazepoxide in mice.

Author: PoleszakEwa, SocałaKatarzyna, SzopaAleksandra, WróbelAndrzej, SzewczykBernadeta, KasperekRegina, BlicharskaEliza, NowakGabriel, WlaźPiotr

Anxiolytic effect
GABA and glutamate interaction

Low, ineffective doses of NMDA receptor antagonists, when combined with an ineffective dose of the benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (CDP), significantly increased anxiolytic effects in mice. This suggests a positive interaction between GABA and glutamate neurotransmission in anxiolytic-like activity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

The effects of pentylenetetrazol, chlordiazepoxide and caffeine in rats tested in the elevated plus-maze depend on the experimental illumination.

Author: GarciaAndrea Milena Becerra, CardenasFernando P, MoratoSilvio

Anxiolytic effect

Pentylenetetrazol and chlordiazepoxide, two GABAergic drugs, showed opposite effects on anxiety levels in rats tested in a lit environment. Pentylenetetrazol decreased open arm exploration, while chlordiazepoxide increased it. In the dark, both drugs had no effect. Caffeine increased open arm exploration in both light and dark environments.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Absence of repeated-trial tolerance to the anxiolytic-like effects of chlordiazepoxide in the rat triple test.

Author: WehrmeisterThaize D, IzídioGeison S, PereiraElayne, IzídioGustavo, RamosAndré

Effective anxiolytic

Chlordiazepoxide had enduring anxiolytic-like effects in rats when administered for multiple days before exposure to the triple test, a behavioral test for anxiety-related behaviors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Effects of chlordiazepoxide on predator odor-induced reductions of playfulness in juvenile rats.

Author: SiviyStephen M, SteetsCourtney L, DeBrouseLauren M

Improved play behavior
Reduced anxiety
Unknown

Chlordiazepoxide (CDP) can alter the defensive strategy used by juvenile rats that are confronted with a predatory threat. CDP can also lead to an earlier return to pre-threat levels of playfulness when that threat becomes less immediate.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

A study of the teratogenic and fetotoxic effects of large doses of chlordiazepoxide used for self-poisoning by 35 pregnant women.

Author: GidaiJ, AcsN, BánhidyF, CzeizelA E

Congenital abnormalities
Growth retardation

This study evaluated the effects of large doses of chlordiazepoxide used for suicide attempts during pregnancy on fetal development. While chlordiazepoxide was not associated with an increased risk of congenital abnormalities, it was linked to a dose-dependent intrauterine growth retardation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Effects of chlordiazepoxide on footshock- and corticotropin-releasing factor-induced increases in cortical and hypothalamic norepinephrine secretion in rats.

Author: SwiergielArtur H, LiYaohui, WeiZhong You, DunnAdrian J

Anxiety reduction

This study investigated the effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP), a benzodiazepine, on noradrenergic responses to footshock and CRF administration in the hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex of rats. CDP significantly attenuated both footshock- and CRF-induced increases in norepinephrine release.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Overlapping and distinct brain regions associated with the anxiolytic effects of chlordiazepoxide and chronic fluoxetine.

Author: BechtholtAnita J, ValentinoRita J, LuckiIrwin

Anxiolytic activity

Acute benzodiazepines and chronic antidepressants have anxiolytic effects that may be mediated by specific brain regions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Lewis rats are more sensitive than Fischer rats to successive negative contrast, but less sensitive to the anxiolytic and appetite-stimulating effects of chlordiazepoxide.

Author: FreetChristopher S, TescheJason D, TompersDennie M, RiegelKatherine E, GrigsonPatricia S

This study examined the anticipatory contrast effects in Lewis and Fischer 344 rats. Lewis rats showed greater and more sustained contrast effects than Fischer rats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

19.

Olfactory repeated discrimination reversal in rats: effects of chlordiazepoxide, dizocilpine, and morphine.

Author: GalizioMark, MillerLaurence, FergusonAdam, McKinneyPatrick, PittsRaymond C

Learning impairment

Chlordiazepoxide, dizocilpine, and morphine were found to impair reversal learning in rats. Chlordiazepoxide interfered with reversal learning at doses that had no effect on the performance of a previously learned discrimination, while morphine and dizocilpine only impaired reversal learning at doses that also affected the performance of the well-learned discrimination.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

21.

Effects of reinforcement schedule on facilitation of operant extinction by chlordiazepoxide.

Author: LeslieJulian C, ShawDavid, GreggGillian, McCormickNichola, ReynoldsDavid S, DawsonGerard R

Operant conditioning

This study investigated the effects of chlordiazepoxide on operant conditioning in mice. The drug facilitated extinction of lever-pressing behavior following fixed-ratio or fixed-interval training.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Chlordiazepoxide interactions with scopolamine and dizocilpine: novel cooperative and antagonistic effects on spatial learning.

Author: PadlubnayaDiana, GalizioMark, PittsRaymond C, KeithJulian R

This study investigated the effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on spatial behavior in rats. CDP alone did not impair performance, but it exacerbated the effects of scopolamine on acquisition and of dizocilpine on both acquisition and performance.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

24.

Effects of chlordiazepoxide on single-unit activity in the septal region of the freely moving rat: aversive vs. non-aversive contexts.

Author: ThomasEarl, StricklandCraig E, YadinElna, BurockDebra A

Fear inhibition

This study examined the effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) on neuronal activity in the lateral septum during Pavlovian fear conditioning. CDP increased unit activity in the lateral septum, suggesting a role for this brain region in the anxiolytic action of benzodiazepines.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

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