Effects of dicyclomine: A Synthesis of Findings from 31 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Dicyclomine is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist that is commonly used to treat digestive and urinary disorders. Recent research suggests that dicyclomine may also influence brain functions such as memory, learning, anxiety, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. The mechanism of action of dicyclomine is not fully understood, but it is known to block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, by inhibiting muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

Dicyclomine may have different effects on various stages of memory, including acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval. One study found that dicyclomine impaired the acquisition of fear conditioning in rats 3 , while another study demonstrated that dicyclomine impaired the retrieval of fear conditioning in rats 2 . Furthermore, dicyclomine could potentially affect spatial learning in rats 20 . Additionally, dicyclomine was found to inhibit the consolidation of morphine-associated contextual memory in morphine-dependent rats 26 .

Dicyclomine may also be involved in the development of hyperglycemia caused by olanzapine, an antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia . Moreover, dicyclomine has been shown to effectively inhibit the growth and virulence factors of Candida albicans, a human pathogen 8 . Dicyclomine inhibited adhesion, early biofilm formation, mature biofilm formation, and planktonic growth of Candida albicans. It also prevented the yeast-to-hyphae transition of Candida albicans in various inducing media such as serum, proline, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Dicyclomine was able to kill Candida albicans cells within 15 minutes of exposure.

Dicyclomine has the potential to affect the human nervous system, leading to side effects such as cognitive impairment, hallucinations, and delusions. Therefore, caution should be exercised when using dicyclomine, particularly in older adults and pregnant women.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Dicyclomine is an effective drug for treating digestive and urinary disorders. Dicyclomine has also demonstrated antimicrobial activity against pathogens such as Candida albicans.

Risks Summary

Dicyclomine can cause side effects such as cognitive impairment, hallucinations, and delusions. Dicyclomine should be used with caution in older adults and pregnant women.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities Across Studies

Many studies have shown that dicyclomine affects memory, learning, behavior, levels of neurotransmitters, and neurotransmitter receptors. These studies suggest that dicyclomine may influence brain function.

Differences Between Studies

The mechanism of action and impact of dicyclomine may vary across studies. For example, one study found that dicyclomine impaired memory acquisition, while another study found that dicyclomine impaired memory consolidation.

Consistency and Discrepancies in Results

The effects of dicyclomine may vary across studies. This could be due to factors such as study design, dosage, and the type of animal used in the experiment. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of dicyclomine is not yet fully understood.

Cautions for Practical Application

Dicyclomine is used to treat digestive and urinary disorders, but because it may affect brain function, caution should be exercised when using dicyclomine, particularly in older adults and pregnant women.

Limitations of Current Research

Most of the research on dicyclomine has been conducted in animal models. Therefore, it is not yet fully understood how dicyclomine affects humans. Additionally, the mechanism of action of dicyclomine is still not fully understood.

Future Directions for Research

Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of dicyclomine. Clinical trials are also necessary to investigate the effects of dicyclomine in humans.

Conclusion

Dicyclomine is a drug used to treat digestive and urinary disorders, but it may also affect brain function. While the mechanism of action of dicyclomine is not yet fully understood, dicyclomine may influence memory, learning, behavior, levels of neurotransmitters, and neurotransmitter receptors. Caution should be exercised when using dicyclomine, particularly in older adults and pregnant women.

Literature analysis of 31 papers
Positive Content
25
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
5
Article Type
3
0
0
0
31
1.

Irritable colon syndrome treated with an antispasmodic drug.

Author:

Effective for diarrhea
Carry-over effect

Dicyclomine was found to have therapeutic effects in comparison to placebo, showing statistically significant differences.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Effects of the M1 muscarinic antagonist dicyclomine on emotional memory retrieval.

Author: SoaresJuliana Carlota Kramer, PerfettoJuliano Genaro, AntonioBruno Brito, OliveiraMaria Gabriela Menezes

M1 muscarinic receptors contribute to memory retrieval in contextual fear conditioning (CFC) and tone fear conditioning (TFC) but are not essential for retrieval in inhibitory avoidance (IA).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Effects of the selective M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist dicyclomine on emotional memory.

Author: FornariR V, MoreiraK M, OliveiraM G

Learning impairment

This study investigated the effects of the selective M1 muscarinic antagonist dicyclomine on contextual fear conditioning, tone fear conditioning, and inhibitory avoidance in rats. Dicyclomine impaired contextual fear conditioning and inhibitory avoidance but did not affect tone fear conditioning.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

M1 muscarinic receptors are necessary for retrieval of remote context fear memory.

Author: PatricioRafael Rodisanski, SoaresJuliana Carlota Kramer, OliveiraMaria Gabriela Menezes

Impaired CFC
Impaired TFC

Dicyclomine, an M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist, impaired the retrieval of remote memories in a fear conditioning task in rats, suggesting a role of muscarinic receptors in remote memory retrieval.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

M1 muscarinic receptor is a key target of neuroprotection, neuroregeneration and memory recovery by i-Extract from Withania somnifera.

Author: KonarArpita, GuptaRicha, ShuklaRajendra K, MaloneyBryan, KhannaVinay K, WadhwaRenu, LahiriDebomoy K, ThakurMahendra K

Dendrite growth stimulation
Memory restoration

This study identifies the muscarinic receptor as a key target of 'i-Extract', an extract of Ashwagandha, demonstrating its potential for treating cognitive decline in neurodegenerative disorders. The study showed that i-Extract stimulated dendrite growth and reversed scopolamine-induced memory loss.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Theanine attenuates memory impairments induced by klotho gene depletion in mice.

Author: NguyenBao Trong, SharmaNaveen, ShinEun-Joo, JeongJi Hoon, LeeSung Hoon, JangChoon-Gon, NahSeung-Yeol, NabeshimaToshitaka, YonedaYukio, KimHyoung-Chun

memory improvement

This study investigated the effects of theanine, an amino acid found in tea, on memory dysfunction in klotho mutant mice, a genetic aging model. Theanine significantly attenuated memory impairments by up-regulating JAK2/STAT3, M1 mAChR, and ERK signaling in the hippocampus.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

Exposure to far-infrared rays attenuates methamphetamine-induced recognition memory impairment via modulation of the muscarinic M1 receptor, Nrf2, and PKC.

Author: MaiHuynh Nhu, SharmaNaveen, ShinEun-Joo, NguyenBao Trong, NguyenPhuong Tram, JeongJi Hoon, JangChoon-Gon, ChoEun-Hee, NahSeung-Yeol, KimNam Hun, NabeshimaToshitaka, KimHyoung-Chun

Memory enhancement

Exposure to far-infrared rays attenuated methamphetamine-induced memory impairment by inhibiting PKCδ phosphorylation and increasing M1 mAChR expression and GSH induction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

8-Way Randomized Controlled Trial of Doxylamine, Pyridoxine and Dicyclomine for Nausea and Vomiting during Pregnancy: Restoration of Unpublished Information.

Author: ZhangRujun, PersaudNavindra

Nausea relief
Vomiting relief

This paper presents the findings of an unpublished 1970s study that evaluated the efficacy of doxylamine, pyridoxine, and dicyclomine in managing nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. This study was never published but is being shared as part of the Restoring Invisible and Abandoned Trials (RIAT) initiative.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Acute Effects of Muscarinic M1 Receptor Modulation on AβPP Metabolism and Amyloid-β Levels in vivo: A Microdialysis Study.

Author: WeltTobias, KulicLuka, HoeySarah E, McAfooseJordan, SpäniClaudia, ChadhaAntonella Santuccione, FisherAbraham, NitschRoger M

Amyloid-β reduction

Acute stimulation of muscarinic M1 receptors in AβPP transgenic mice rapidly reduces interstitial fluid (ISF) amyloid-β (Aβ) levels by shifting AβPP processing towards the non-amyloidogenic pathway. This finding suggests that selective muscarinic M1 receptor agonists may be a promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

A predictive in vitro model of the impact of drugs with anticholinergic properties on human neuronal and astrocytic systems.

Author: WoehrlingElizabeth K, ParriH Rheinallt, TseErin H Y, HillEric J, MaidmentIan D, FoxG Christopher, ColemanMichael D

Acute cognitive impairment

Anticholinergic drugs can cause cognitive impairment in older adults. This study investigated the use of a new model to predict the anticholinergic effects of drugs. The model used a co-culture of human neurons and astrocytes. The study found that the model was able to accurately predict the anticholinergic effects of drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Studying the antiemetic effect of vitamin B6 for morning sickness: pyridoxine and pyridoxal are prodrugs.

Author: MatokIlan, ClarkShannon, CaritisSteve, MiodovnikMenachem, UmansJason G, HankinsGary, MattisonDonald R, KorenGideon

Antiemetic effect
Pregnancy nausea relief

This substudy of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial found that pyridoxal 5' phosphate (PLP), a form of vitamin B6, may be the active antiemetic form, suggesting a potential correlation between PLP levels and morning sickness symptoms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Olanzapine-induced hyperglycemia: possible involvement of histaminergic, dopaminergic and adrenergic functions in the central nervous system.

Author: IkegamiMegumi, IkedaHiroko, OhashiTakahiro, KaiMisa, OsadaMamiko, KameiAtsuko, KameiJunzo

Improved blood glucose levels
Metabolic disturbance

Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic, activates hypothalamic AMPK, leading to increased hepatic glucose production. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Concern for truth: driving defensively when confronting a zombie epidemic.

Author: HowlandRobert H

Reduced nausea
Reduced vomiting
Side effects

Diclegis is a drug for pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting. Its development is a complex story with media, science, and legal factors playing a role.

Historical ArticleA research paper that analyzes past events and developments using primary sources and examines them from a historical perspective.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

IL-6 attenuates trimethyltin-induced cognitive dysfunction via activation of JAK2/STAT3, M1 mAChR and ERK signaling network.

Author: KimBeom Keun, TranHaong-Yen Phi, ShinEun-Joo, LeeChaeyoung, ChungYoon Hee, JeongJi Hoon, BachJae-Hyung, KimWon-Ki, ParkDae Hoon, SaitoKuniaki, NabeshimaToshitaka, KimHyoung-Chun

Memory improvement

IL-6 deficiency potentiates trimethyltin (TMT)-induced convulsive neurotoxicity. Activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling and upregulation of the M1 mAChR are essential components of IL-6-mediated memory improvement against TMT toxicity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Species differences in the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of Lepidium sativum and insight into underlying mechanisms.

Author: GilaniAnwarul-Hassan, RehmanNajeeb-Ur, MehmoodMalik Hassan, AlkharfyKhalid M

Diarrhea treatment

This study investigated the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The study found that Ls.Cr exhibited species specificity in its antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Task demands dissociate the effects of muscarinic M1 receptor blockade and protein kinase C inhibition on attentional performance in rats.

Author: RobinsonAndrea M, ManginiDavid F, BurkJoshua A

Improved attention

Muscarinic M(1) receptors are essential for maintaining attentional performance, especially when attentional demands increase. Blocking these receptors with dicyclomine negatively affected accuracy in detecting longer visual signals, particularly under increased attentional pressure. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) through chelerythrine chloride showed a similar effect on signal detection but only in the standard task, suggesting PKC's potential involvement in specific aspects of attention.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Modulation of behavioral phenotypes by a muscarinic M1 antagonist in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome.

Author: VeeraragavanSurabi, BuiNghiem, PerkinsJennie R, Yuva-PaylorLisa A, CarpenterRandall L, PaylorRichard

Fragile X syndrome

This study provides evidence for overactive M1 receptor signaling in the fragile X knockout (Fmr1 KO) mouse model, suggesting involvement of the M1 receptors in fragile X syndrome. Overactive signaling through the M1 receptor is hypothesized to contribute to the phenotypes seen in fragile X mice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

A computer-automated touchscreen paired-associates learning (PAL) task for mice: impairments following administration of scopolamine or dicyclomine and improvements following donepezil.

Author: BartkoSusan J, VendrellIgnasi, SaksidaLisa M, BusseyTimothy J

Treat Alzheimer's disease
Treat drug addiction
Treat schizophrenia

The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery touchscreen paired-associates learning (PAL) test is predictive of Alzheimer's disease and impaired in schizophrenia and chronic drug users. This study aims to develop a pharmacologically validated PAL task for mice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Fustin flavonoid attenuates beta-amyloid (1-42)-induced learning impairment.

Author: JinChun-Hui, ShinEun-Joo, ParkJae-Bong, JangChoon-Gon, LiZhengyi, KimMin Soo, KooKyo Hwan, YoonHyoung-Jong, ParkSang-Jae, ChoiWon-Cheol, YamadaKiyofumi, NabeshimaToshitaka, KimHyoung-Chun

Improved learning

This study examined the effects of the flavonoid fustin on learning impairment induced by amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) in mice. Fustin was found to attenuate Abeta-induced learning impairment by increasing acetylcholine levels and modulating the ERK/CREB/BDNF pathway.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Anticholinergic activity of 107 medications commonly used by older adults.

Author: ChewMarci L, MulsantBenoit H, PollockBruce G, LehmanMark E, GreenspanAndrew, MahmoudRamy A, KirshnerMargaret A, SorisioDenise A, BiesRobert R, GharabawiGeorges

Reduce anticholinergic burden
Anticholinergic effects

This study measured the anticholinergic activity of 107 medications commonly used by older adults. The study found that many medications, particularly psychotropic medications, have anticholinergic activity. This information can help clinicians choose medications that are less likely to cause anticholinergic side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Antagonism of muscarinic M1 receptors by dicyclomine inhibits the consolidation of morphine-associated contextual memory.

Author: EsmaeiliBehnaz, BassedaZahra, DehpourAhmad Reza

Improve morphine memory

M1 muscarinic receptors are involved in memory and learning. This study found that blocking M1 receptors in mice reduced their preference for a place associated with morphine. This suggests that M1 receptors play a role in the consolidation of memories related to reward.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

Blockade of M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors modulates the methamphetamine-induced psychomotor stimulant effect.

Author: LeeK-W, TianY-H, YouI-J, KwonS-H, HaR-R, LeeS-Y, KimH-C, JangC-G

Psychomotor stimulant effect

Methamphetamine (METH) can increase the expression of M1 muscarinic receptors in the brain, which may contribute to its stimulant effects. Blocking these receptors with dicyclomine can alter METH's effects on dopamine release.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

28.

Role of muscarinic M1 receptors in inhibitory avoidance and contextual fear conditioning.

Author: SoaresJuliana Carlota Kramer, FornariRaquel Vecchio, OliveiraMaria Gabriela Menezes

Dicyclomine, a M1 muscarinic antagonist, impaired the acquisition of inhibitory avoidance and contextual fear conditioning in rats. This effect was not state-dependent and did not affect consolidation.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

29.

M1 receptors play a central role in modulating AD-like pathology in transgenic mice.

Author: CaccamoAntonella, OddoSalvatore, BillingsLauren M, GreenKim N, Martinez-CoriaHilda, FisherAbraham, LaFerlaFrank M

Abeta reduction
Cognitive rescue
Tau reduction

AF267B, a selective M1 muscarinic agonist, was found to improve cognitive function in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. AF267B reduced amyloid beta and tau pathology in the hippocampus and cortex, and reversed cognitive deficits in a spatial task.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

30.

Interaction between M1-muscarinic and glutamatergic NMDA receptors on an inhibitory avoidance task.

Author: Monteiro MoreiraKarin, Lima FerreiraTatiana, Vecchio FornariRaquel, Perez FigueredoLarissa Zeggio, Menezes OliveiraMaria Gabriela

Memory impairment

MK-801 potentiates the effects of dicyclomine on memory impairment in rats, suggesting that the M1-muscarinic receptor is involved in the synergistic interaction between cholinergic muscarinic and glutamatergic NMDA receptors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

31.

Muscarinic M2 and M4 receptors in anterior cingulate cortex: relation to neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies.

Author: TeaktongThanasak, PiggottMargaret A, MckeithIan G, PerryRobert H, BallardClive G, PerryElaine K

Psychosis

This study investigated the role of M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) patients. The study found that M2 receptor binding was significantly increased in DLB patients compared to controls, and this increase was associated with delusions. M4 receptor binding was also increased in DLB patients, and this increase was associated with impaired consciousness and visual hallucinations. These findings suggest that upregulation of M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors in the cingulate cortex may contribute to the development of psychosis in DLB.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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