Major Research Findings

α-glucosidase inhibitors are a promising therapeutic approach for controlling hyperglycemia associated with type-2 diabetes by delaying glucose absorption in the intestines. 10 However, currently approved drugs such as acarbose, miglitol, and voglibose have several undesirable gastrointestinal side effects that hinder their applications. 10 Therefore, the search for novel and more effective inhibitors with reduced side effects and lower cost remains a fascinating area of research. 10

In recent years, a large variety of α-glucosidase inhibitors have been identified, some of which have improved safety and pharmacological profiles. 10 For example, a phenolic compound isolated from the henna plant (Lawsonia inermis L.) has shown potential as an anti-diabetic agent, as it is able to suppress the digestion of α-amylase enzyme. 3 This compound has been predicted to interact with the active site of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. 3

Essential oils extracted from plants such as eucalyptus and nutmeg have also been found to exhibit α-amylase inhibitory activity. 20 The active components of these essential oils include 1,8-cineole, 4-terpineol, α-terpineol, α-pinene, and β-pinene. 20

Furthermore, a combination of herbs like cinnamon, purple onion, and tea has been shown to effectively lower postprandial blood glucose levels in mice studies. 2 These herbs may bind to enzymes like α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and AMPK to regulate blood glucose levels. 2

Phytoconstituents like quercetin and ombuin found in plants like Chromolaena odorata have also been shown to inhibit α-amylase activity through computer simulations and experimental studies. 5 These compounds hold potential to lower blood glucose levels by inhibiting α-amylase. 5

These studies suggest that natural ingredients derived from plants and herbal combinations may be promising candidates for developing α-glucosidase inhibitors with fewer side effects. 18

Reasons for Side Effects

α-glucosidase inhibitors work by inhibiting the breakdown of sugar in the intestines, which in turn helps control blood sugar levels. However, this action can lead to gastrointestinal side effects. 10

Common Side Effects

Abdominal Pain

Taking α-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose can cause abdominal pain. 10 This is thought to be due to the inhibition of sugar breakdown in the intestines, causing intestinal bacteria to break down sugars and produce gas. 10

Diarrhea

Diarrhea can occur as a side effect of taking α-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose. 10 This is believed to be caused by the inhibition of sugar breakdown in the intestines, leading to increased water content in the intestines and looser stools. 10

Abdominal Bloating

Abdominal bloating can occur as a side effect of taking α-glucosidase inhibitors like acarbose. 10 This is thought to be due to the inhibition of sugar breakdown in the intestines, leading to a buildup of intestinal gas. 10

Constipation

Some α-glucosidase inhibitors may cause constipation. 4 Metformin is known to alter the balance of gut bacteria, which could potentially contribute to constipation. 4

Maldigestion

α-glucosidase inhibitors can cause maldigestion as they inhibit the breakdown of sugar in the intestines. 10

Liver Effects

Some α-glucosidase inhibitors have been reported to have effects on the liver. 10 Acarbose can potentially cause liver dysfunction. 10

Allergies

Allergic reactions to α-glucosidase inhibitors can occur. 10

Measures to Address Side Effects

Dietary Management

Dietary management is crucial to minimize side effects associated with α-glucosidase inhibitors. 13 Reduce your intake of carbohydrates and increase fiber intake. 13 Also, avoid eating large meals at once and chew your food thoroughly. 13

Changing Medications

If you experience severe side effects, consult your doctor and consider switching to a different α-glucosidase inhibitor. 10

Dosage Adjustment

If you experience mild side effects, discuss dosage adjustments with your doctor. 10

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies have reported gastrointestinal side effects associated with α-glucosidase inhibitors. 10 Research also suggests that natural ingredients derived from plants and herbs exhibit α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and hold promise as safe and effective α-glucosidase inhibitors with fewer side effects. 2 5

Differences

Studies have shown variations in the severity and types of side effects associated with α-glucosidase inhibitors. 10 The strength of α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of plant-derived natural ingredients and herbs also differs across studies. 2 5

Considerations for Real-Life Applications

While α-glucosidase inhibitors offer benefits in controlling blood sugar levels, they also carry the risk of side effects. 10 Gastrointestinal side effects in particular can disrupt daily life. 10 If you are considering taking α-glucosidase inhibitors, consult your doctor and carefully weigh the potential risks and benefits. 10

Limitations of Current Research

There are still gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms behind side effects of α-glucosidase inhibitors and how to prevent them. 10 Further research is needed to validate the effectiveness of plant-derived natural ingredients and herbs in human clinical trials. 2 5

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms of side effects and developing α-glucosidase inhibitors with reduced side effects. 10 Conducting clinical trials to assess the efficacy of plant-derived natural ingredients and herbs in humans is also crucial. 2 5

Conclusion

α-glucosidase inhibitors are effective medications for treating diabetes, but they can cause gastrointestinal side effects. 10 Appropriate measures such as dietary management and dosage adjustments are needed to reduce side effects. 10 If you are considering taking α-glucosidase inhibitors, consult your doctor and make informed decisions by understanding the potential risks and benefits. 10