Effects of acetaminophen and codeine: A Synthesis of Findings from 19 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Acetaminophen and codeine are commonly used analgesics, and many studies have been conducted to evaluate their efficacy and safety. These studies examine various aspects of acetaminophen and codeine, including their effects on different conditions, their interaction with other drugs, and their potential risks and benefits.

For example, a study 19 compared caffeine-containing and codeine-containing analgesics for pain and swelling management after dental implant surgery. Another study 5 investigated the effects of acetaminophen and codeine, ibuprofen, and placebo on acute postoperative pain. Furthermore, a systematic review and meta-analysis 4 evaluated the effectiveness of acetaminophen and codeine versus ibuprofen for pain management following third molar extraction. These studies suggest that acetaminophen and codeine can be effective for pain relief in different situations.

Benefits and risks

Benefits summary

Acetaminophen and codeine can provide pain relief for various conditions. For instance, 19 suggests its effectiveness in managing pain and swelling after dental implant surgery. 5 suggests its effectiveness for acute postoperative pain. Additionally, 4 suggests its effectiveness for pain relief after third molar extraction.

Risks summary

Acetaminophen and codeine also carry some risks. A study 17 reported that misuse of paracetamol, codeine, and doxylamine combination analgesics in Australia can lead to addiction and mortality. Another study 12 found that cold water extraction, a method used to tamper with codeine/paracetamol combination products, can increase the risk of paracetamol toxicity. Furthermore, a qualitative study 9 identified factors influencing the tampering of codeine-containing medicines in England. It is important to be aware of these risks and use acetaminophen and codeine as prescribed by a healthcare professional.

Comparison across studies

Commonalities across studies

Many studies suggest that acetaminophen and codeine can provide some pain relief for various conditions. These studies also provide detailed information on appropriate usage and dosage.

Differences across studies

Studies vary in the specific conditions they focus on, the types of acetaminophen and codeine combinations used, and the research designs employed. Therefore, interpreting the results requires careful consideration. For instance, 19 focuses on pain and swelling management after dental implant surgery, while 5 focuses on acute postoperative pain. Additionally, 12 investigates the tampering of acetaminophen and codeine combination products. These differences highlight the importance of evaluating research findings comprehensively.

Consistency and contradictions in results

While acetaminophen and codeine can potentially alleviate various symptoms, there are concerns regarding their misuse and tampering. Considering the overall research findings, it is crucial to use acetaminophen and codeine appropriately as directed by a healthcare professional.

Implications for real-life applications

When using acetaminophen and codeine, it is essential to consider the following: 1. Follow your doctor's instructions. 2. Avoid misuse and tampering. 3. Be aware of potential side effects. 4. Store the medication properly. 5. Consult your doctor if needed.

Limitations of current research

Current research lacks sufficient data on the long-term safety and effectiveness of acetaminophen and codeine. Furthermore, research investigating the misuse and tampering of acetaminophen and codeine may be insufficient.

Future research directions

Future research should focus on evaluating the long-term safety and effectiveness of acetaminophen and codeine. Further investigations into misuse and tampering are also needed. Additionally, developing alternative medications for pain relief is crucial.

Conclusion

Acetaminophen and codeine can be effective analgesics, but misuse and tampering concerns exist. It is essential to use these medications responsibly and as prescribed by a healthcare professional. Future research should address the long-term safety and efficacy of these medications, investigate misuse and tampering, and explore alternative pain management options.

Literature analysis of 19 papers
Positive Content
8
Neutral Content
4
Negative Content
7
Article Type
4
1
1
1
19
1.

Comparison of the effects on lameness of orally administered acetaminophen-codeine and carprofen in dogs with experimentally induced synovitis.

Author: BudsbergSteven C, KleineStephanie A, NortonMegan M, SandbergGabriella S, PapichMark G

carprofen
lameness

This study compared the effectiveness of acetaminophen-codeine (AC) and carprofen in attenuating lameness induced by sodium urate (SU) injection in dogs. Carprofen was found to be more effective than AC in reducing lameness scores and improving ground reaction forces. These findings suggest that carprofen may be a better choice for managing pain and inflammation in dogs with experimentally induced lameness.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled Trial, VeterinaryRandomized controlled trials involving animals. They evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment methods.

Language : English

2.

Potentially Inappropriate Use of Opioids in the Management of Migraine in Colombia.

Author: Machado-DuqueManuel E, Echeverry-GutiérrezMaria Fernanda, Gaviria-MendozaAndrés, Valladales-RestrepoLuis F, Machado-AlbaJorge E

Abuse
Dependence
Opioid use
Tolerance

This study found that 20.6% of patients with migraine received opioids at the time of their first prescription for antimigraine drugs. Over a 12-month follow-up, 22.8% of patients received a new opioid, with those who received opioids initially being more likely to receive a new opioid (OR:1.81).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Pain Relief with Combination Acetaminophen/Codeine or Ibuprofen following Third-Molar Extraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Author: WatsonHunter, HildeboltCharles, RowlandKevin

Pain reduction

This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the effectiveness of acetaminophen/codeine and ibuprofen for managing pain after third-molar extraction. Ibuprofen was found to be more effective than acetaminophen/codeine for pain relief.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

6.

Analgesia After Cesarean Delivery in the United States 2008-2018: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Author: ReedSydney E, TanHon Sen, FullerMatthew E, KrishnamoorthyVijay, OhnumaTetsu, RaghunathanKarthik, HabibAshraf S

Postpartum analgesia

This study evaluates the use of postoperative analgesic regimens after cesarean delivery, specifically focusing on multimodal opioid-sparing regimens. The study examines variations across hospitals and changes over time in analgesic practices.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

Monitoring drug consumption in Innsbruck during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown by wastewater analysis.

Author: ReinstadlerVera, AuswegerVerena, GrabherAnna-Lena, KreidlMarco, HuberSusanne, GranderJulia, HaslacherSandra, SingerKlaus, Schlapp-HacklMichael, SorgManuel, ErberHarald, OberacherHerbert

This study used wastewater-based epidemiology to analyze temporal trends of licit and illicit drug consumption during the COVID-19 lockdown and quarantine period in Innsbruck, Austria. The findings suggest that lockdown measures significantly impacted drug consumption patterns, particularly for recreational drugs and pharmaceuticals, likely due to the closure of the hospitality industry and event cancellations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Multimodal analgesia after thyroid or parathyroid surgery: A randomized controlled trial.

Author: Romero ArenasMinerva A, UhlmannRebecca A, PostevkaEugene, WangXiaohui, ReinhartHenry A, SnyderSamuel K

Staged analgesia effective
Opioid epidemic

A staged analgesic regimen, consisting of scheduled acetaminophen and as-needed tramadol, was noninferior to a combination of opioids for managing pain after endocrine surgery. The staged regimen led to reduced overall opioid consumption while still effectively managing pain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Identification of factors influencing tampering of codeine-containing medicines in England: a qualitative study.

Author: KimergårdAndreas, ParkinStephen, JenningsStacey, BrobbinEileen, DelucaPaolo

Codeine tampering

The study identifies factors influencing the use of cold water extraction (CWE) to separate codeine from compounded analgesics found in codeine-containing medicines (CCM).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Post-Tonsillectomy Outcomes in Children With and Without Narcotics Prescriptions.

Author: CarrMichele M, SchaeferEric W, SchubartJane R

Lower readmission rate
Bleeding complications
Dehydration
ED visits
Increased cost

Children who received narcotic prescriptions after tonsillectomy/adenotonsillectomy had a higher percentage of bleeding complications, but a lower readmission rate.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Cold water extraction of codeine/paracetamol combination products: a case series and literature review.

Author: HarnettJames T, DinesAlison M, WoodDavid M, ArcherJohn R H, DarganPaul I

Paracetamol toxicity
Recreational use

Cold-water extraction, a method used to extract codeine from over-the-counter analgesics, can potentially lead to paracetamol toxicity and even death. This study identified seven presentations of self-reported ingestion of codeine extracted using this method, emphasizing the need for public health education regarding the risks associated with this tampering technique.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Impact of rescheduling hydrocodone-combination products in an urban Texas county healthcare system.

Author: ShumwayJohn W, RanRenzhong, McCluskyJeff, RafiqueZubaid, DarkCedric, PeacockW Frank, CintronAlexie, LudwigMichelle

Reduced hydrocodone use
Increased acetaminophen-codeine use

Rescheduling hydrocodone-combination products resulted in an immediate decrease in hydrocodone-acetaminophen use and a simultaneous increase in acetaminophen-codeine products.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

15.

Anticholinergic and sedative drug burden in community-dwelling older people: a national database study.

Author: ByrneCatherine J, WalshCaroline, CahirCaitriona, RyanCristín, WilliamsDavid J, BennettKathleen

Anticholinergic effects

The Drug Burden Index (DBI) was used to quantify exposure to anticholinergic and sedative medications in Irish older people. The study identified a high prevalence of exposure to DBI medications and explored associated patient factors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Combination of Acetaminophen/Codeine Analgesics Does Not Avoid Bleaching-Induced Tooth Sensitivity: A Randomized, Triple-Blind Two-Center Clinical Trial.

Author: CopplaF M, RezendeM, de PaulaE, FaragoP V, LoguercioA D, KossatzS, ReisA

Color change
Tooth sensitivity

This study investigated whether a combination of acetaminophen/codeine (Tylex) could reduce bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity (TS). 105 patients received either Tylex or placebo prior to in-office bleaching. No significant differences between groups were observed in the risk and intensity of TS. The overall absolute risk of TS was approximately 96%.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Sweet syndrome induced by oral acetaminophen-codeine following repair of a facial fracture.

Author: BradleyLaurence M, HigginsShauna P, ThomasMonee M, RodneyIfe J, HalderRebat M

Cutaneous adverse effect
Sweet syndrome

Sweet syndrome (SS), a rare condition causing painful skin plaques and fever, was reported in a patient due to acetaminophen-codeine. This case highlights a newly recognized adverse effect of acetaminophen-codeine, prompting the need for educating physicians and pharmacists about this potential side effect.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Evaluation of caffeine versus codeine for pain and swelling management after implant surgeries: A triple blind clinical trial.

Author: SamieiradSahand, AfrasiabiHadi, TohidiElahe, QolizadeMohsen, ShabanBaratollah, HashemipourMaryam Asadat, Doaltian ShirvanIsa

Analgesic effects
Implant surgery
NSAID controversy

This study compared the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of caffeine-containing and codeine-containing analgesics after dental implant surgeries. More research is needed to determine which type of analgesic is most effective in this setting.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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