Major research findings

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and disabling autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that mainly affects young adults. 3 The past 20 years have seen a continuous expansion in therapeutic options for MS, but there are still unmet needs in its management. 3 Current treatments for MS vary in their efficacy, tolerability, and potential side effects. 3

New therapies, including oral drugs and monoclonal antibodies, are under development and may prove more effective and tolerable than current treatments. 7 However, the long-term effects of these new therapies are still being studied. 3

Research on the immunogenicity and safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in people with MS has shown that some disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), such as ocrelizumab and fingolimod, can impair the humoral immune response to the vaccine. 2 However, even in patients treated with these DMTs, COVID-19 vaccination is considered safe and well-tolerated and is recommended for all MS patients. 2

Reasons for side effects

Side effects of MS medications are often due to their impact on the immune system. The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from infections and diseases. MS medications work by suppressing the immune system, which can slow the progression of MS symptoms. However, this suppression can also weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and potentially increasing the risk of developing other diseases.

Common side effects

Injection site reactions

Injectable medications such as interferon-β can cause pain, redness, and swelling at the injection site. 3

Flu-like symptoms

Injectable medications such as interferon-β can trigger flu-like symptoms including fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and joint pain. 3

Liver dysfunction

Oral medications such as teriflunomide can cause liver dysfunction. 4 Regular liver function tests are necessary to monitor for this side effect.

Increased risk of infections

Immunosuppressants increase the risk of infections. 3 This risk is particularly high with strong immunosuppressants such as alemtuzumab. 1

Progression to progressive multiple sclerosis

Some treatments may increase the risk of progressing to progressive multiple sclerosis. 6

Other side effects

Other potential side effects include digestive problems, skin issues, neurological symptoms, and mental health concerns. 3

Side effect management

Injection site reactions

Injection site reactions can be managed by applying cold or heat, or using a compress. If the symptoms are severe, consult a doctor. 3

Flu-like symptoms

If flu-like symptoms occur, rest, stay hydrated, and consult a doctor if symptoms are severe. 3

Liver dysfunction

Regular liver function tests can help detect liver dysfunction early. If abnormalities are found, seek treatment as directed by a doctor. 4

Increased risk of infections

To prevent infections, practice good hygiene, such as hand washing, gargling, and getting vaccinations. 3 If you experience any symptoms of an infection, seek medical attention immediately.

Comparison between studies

Commonalities

Each study investigates the effectiveness and safety of MS medications. They also share the need for developing new treatments and improving existing ones.

Differences

The studies differ in the specific medications they focus on and their research methodologies. For instance, 2 investigates the immunogenicity and safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, while 3 examines general side effects of MS medications.

Implications for everyday life

While MS medications can improve symptoms and slow progression, they also come with risks of side effects. It's crucial to discuss your treatment options with your doctor, choose the right treatment for your condition, and understand the potential side effects. Regularly scheduled doctor visits are essential during treatment.

Limitations of current research

Current research has not fully elucidated the long-term effects of MS medications. Additionally, no single treatment works for every MS patient, and individual responses can vary significantly.

Future research directions

Future research should focus on developing more effective and safer treatments, as well as advancing personalized medicine for MS patients.

Conclusion

Significant progress has been made in MS treatment in recent years. However, there are several factors to consider, including side effects. It's important to consult with your doctor, choose a treatment that's right for you, and understand the potential side effects. Regular medical checkups are crucial during treatment.