Effects of alprazolam: A Synthesis of Findings from 11 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Alprazolam has been studied for its effects on anxiety disorders in various populations, including adults and children. 6 found that alprazolam and lorazepam were equally effective in relieving anxiety symptoms in adults with psychoneurotic disorders. 8 compared alprazolam to diazepam and placebo in adults with manifest anxiety, concluding that alprazolam was more effective than placebo and comparable to diazepam in reducing anxiety symptoms. In 3 , alprazolam and oxazepam were compared in adults with anxiety and depressive symptoms, with both showing efficacy in alleviating anxiety. 7 evaluated the anxiolytic effects of alprazolam in adults with moderate to severe anxiety, finding it to be at least as effective as diazepam and showing some antidepressant activity. 1 investigated alprazolam's effects in children and adolescents with overanxious or avoidant disorders, observing no significant clinical differences between alprazolam and placebo but showing increases in beta brainwave activity with alprazolam. 9 focused on the safety of alprazolam in adults with panic disorder and agoraphobia, noting the occurrence of side effects like sedation, irritability, and memory impairment, though many patients tolerated these.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Alprazolam has shown potential benefits in reducing anxiety symptoms in various populations, including those with generalized anxiety, panic disorder, and anxiety with depressive symptoms. 6 , 8 , 3 , 7 all found alprazolam to be effective in reducing anxiety. Furthermore, 7 indicated alprazolam might have some antidepressant activity. Compared to other benzodiazepines like diazepam, alprazolam has been associated with fewer and milder side effects. 8 , 3 , 7 all found alprazolam to have lower rates of side effects compared to diazepam. 7 described alprazolam as well-tolerated.

Risks Summary

While alprazolam can be effective in treating anxiety, it's important to be aware of potential side effects. 6 identified drowsiness and lightheadedness as the most common side effects. 9 noted a higher incidence of adverse reactions like depression, enuresis, disinhibition, and aggression among patients taking alprazolam compared to placebo. 10 indicated that alprazolam can impair cognitive and motor performance, particularly at higher doses. It's essential to be cautious and discuss any concerns about side effects with a healthcare professional.

Comparing Studies

Commonalities

These studies generally support the notion that alprazolam can be effective for anxiety disorders. Many studies found alprazolam to be well-tolerated with fewer side effects compared to other benzodiazepines. The overall message from these studies suggests alprazolam can be a safe and effective treatment option for anxiety disorders when used appropriately.

Differences

Some key differences exist among these studies. For instance, 1 focused on children and adolescents while other studies concentrated on adults. The evaluation methods varied, with 1 including EEG measurements. The specific types of anxiety disorders explored also varied across studies.

Consistency and Contradictions

While a majority of studies indicate alprazolam's effectiveness, 1 found no significant clinical difference between alprazolam and placebo in children and adolescents. This discrepancy could be attributed to smaller sample sizes or individual differences in the participants. Additionally, 11 suggested extended-release formulations might lead to fewer and less severe side effects, while 9 highlighted the occurrence of side effects with alprazolam use. These inconsistencies likely stem from factors like study design, participant characteristics, and dosage variations.

Practical Implications and Cautions

Alprazolam shows promise in managing anxiety disorders, but it's essential to use it under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Self-treating with alprazolam is not recommended. Be mindful of potential side effects like drowsiness and impaired cognitive function, especially when driving or operating machinery. Alprazolam can interact with other medications and alcohol, so it's crucial to discuss all medications with your doctor.

Limitations of Current Research

The studies reviewed have certain limitations. Some studies had relatively small sample sizes, limiting generalizability. Long-term effects of alprazolam haven't been thoroughly explored in many studies. Furthermore, interactions of alprazolam with other medications are not always well-documented in these studies.

Future Research Directions

Future research should investigate long-term effects, interactions with other medications, and the safety and efficacy of alprazolam in various populations, particularly children and adolescents. Studies optimizing dosage and treatment duration, as well as minimizing side effects, are also needed.

Conclusion

Alprazolam offers potential benefits for anxiety disorders, but it's essential to be aware of potential side effects and use it as directed by a healthcare professional. While these studies provide valuable insights, further research is critical to fully understand alprazolam's safety and efficacy, particularly in diverse populations and long-term usage.

Literature analysis of 11 papers
Positive Content
8
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
3
Article Type
11
0
0
0
11
1.

Clinical, cognitive, and neurophysiological effects of alprazolam in children and adolescents with overanxious and avoidant disorders.

Author: SimeonJ G, FergusonH B, KnottV, RobertsN, GauthierB, DuboisC, WigginsD

Safe for anxiety

Alprazolam did not show any significant difference from placebo in treating childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders in a double-blind study. While alprazolam was well tolerated, there were no significant clinical improvements.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

The effects of alprazolam alone and combined with alcohol on central integrative activity.

Author: BondA J, SilveiraJ C, LaderM H

Alcohol interaction
Alprazolam for sleep

Alprazolam, an anxiolytic medication, has dominant effects over alcohol on central nervous system activity. In a study involving 48 healthy volunteers, alprazolam decreased evoked response amplitudes, altered EEG activity, and decreased the frequency of perceived fusion, while alcohol prolonged reaction time and increased tremor.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Alprazolam and oxazepam in the treatment of anxious out-patients with depressive symptoms: a double-blind multicenter study.

Author: RimónR, KultalahtiE R, KalliA, KoskinenT, LepolaU, NaaralaM, TickE

Anxiety relief

Both alprazolam and oxazepam were effective in relieving anxiety associated with mild depression, with alprazolam proving somewhat more effective than oxazepam. Both drugs were well tolerated with few and mild adverse effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of a single nocturnal dose of alprazolam.

Author: NormanT R, BurrowsG D, McIntyreI M

Psychomotor impairment

Alprazolam was found to impair psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers. Significant impairment of choice reaction time occurred 1 and 11 h after the dose of alprazolam compared to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Effects of alprazolam and diazepam on the daytime sleepiness of non-anxious subjects.

Author: SeidelW F, CohenS A, WilsonL, DementW C

Selective tolerance to sedative effects
Daytime sedation

Alprazolam and diazepam both cause sedation, but alprazolam appears to cause more sedation initially. Tolerance develops to alprazolam's sedative effects, but not to its anti-anxiety effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

A double-blind study of alprazolam and lorazepam in the treatment of anxiety.

Author: RuizA T

Safe and effective for anxiety symptoms
Drowsiness
Lightheadedness

Alprazolam and lorazepam were equally effective and safe in treating anxiety in a 4-week double-blind study. Alprazolam was associated with fewer autonomic symptoms and dizziness.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

A double blind comparison of alprazolam, diazepam and placebo in the treatment of anxious out-patients.

Author: DavisonK, FarquharsonR G, KhanM C, MajidA

Treats anxiety
Side effects

Alprazolam was as effective as diazepam in treating anxiety and showed evidence of antidepressant activity. Alprazolam had fewer and milder side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Alprazolam compared to diazepam and placebo in the treatment of anxiety.

Author: AdenG C, TheinS G

Fewer side effects
Reduced anxiety
Drowsiness

Alprazolam is effective in treating anxiety and is as effective as diazepam. It has fewer side effects than diazepam or placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Safety and side-effects of alprazolam. Controlled study in agoraphobia with panic disorder.

Author: O'SullivanG H, NoshirvaniH, BaşoğluM, MarksI M, SwinsonR, KuchK, KirbyM

Alprazolam side effects
Benzodiazepine side effects

Alprazolam was associated with more adverse reactions, such as depression, enuresis, disinhibition, and aggression, as well as more side effects, such as sedation, irritability, impaired memory, weight loss, and ataxia, compared to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Behavioral effects of alprazolam in humans.

Author: KellyT H, FoltinR W, SerpickE, FischmanM W

Adverse performance effects

Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety, was found to have dose-related effects on performance in healthy volunteers. At doses of 0.5 mg or higher, alprazolam impaired performance on several tasks.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

11.

Cognitive, psychomotor and actual driving performance in healthy volunteers after immediate and extended release formulations of alprazolam 1 mg.

Author: LeufkensTim R M, VermeerenAnnemiek, SminkBeitske E, van RuitenbeekPeter, RamaekersJohannes G

Improved tolerability
Panic disorder treatment

Alprazolam extended-release (XR) is approved for the treatment of panic disorder and has fewer and less severe side effects than its immediate release equivalent (alprazolam IR).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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