Effects of alprostadil urogenital: A Synthesis of Findings from 11 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine medication, has been studied extensively for its effects on anxiety. Studies have shown that it can be effective in treating anxiety disorders, but there are also potential side effects to consider. 1 investigated the effects of alprazolam on children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. The study found no significant difference between alprazolam and placebo in terms of clinical improvement, but it did observe changes in brain wave patterns. 9 explored the safety and side effects of alprazolam in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. The study found that alprazolam caused more adverse reactions, including depression, enuresis, disinhibition, and aggression, compared to placebo. 7 compared the effects of alprazolam, diazepam, and placebo on outpatients with anxiety. The study found that alprazolam was at least as effective as diazepam in reducing anxiety and had fewer side effects. 11 explored the effects of alprazolam extended-release on cognitive function and driving performance in healthy volunteers. The study suggested that the extended-release formulation may have fewer and less severe side effects compared to the immediate-release formulation. 8 compared the effects of alprazolam, diazepam, and placebo on outpatients with anxiety. The study found that alprazolam was more effective than placebo and equivalent to diazepam in alleviating anxiety, but with fewer side effects. 10 investigated the acute behavioral effects of alprazolam in healthy volunteers. The study found that alprazolam can impair cognitive function in a dose-dependent manner. 4 explored the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of a single nighttime dose of alprazolam. The study found that alprazolam can impair reaction time. 6 compared the effects of alprazolam and lorazepam on outpatients with anxiety. The study found that both medications were safe and effective in reducing anxiety. 3 compared the effects of alprazolam and oxazepam on outpatients with anxiety and mild depression. The study found that both medications were effective in reducing anxiety, but alprazolam was more effective in improving overall performance. 5 explored the effects of alprazolam and diazepam on daytime sleepiness in non-anxious volunteers. The study found that alprazolam caused more sedation than diazepam initially, but tolerance developed over time. 2 investigated the effects of alprazolam alone and in combination with alcohol. The study found that alprazolam can impair central nervous system function and that its effects are not always additive with alcohol.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Alprazolam can be an effective treatment for anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder, agoraphobia, and generalized anxiety disorder. It is generally well-tolerated and may have fewer side effects compared to other benzodiazepine medications. 8

Risk Summary

Alprazolam can cause a range of side effects, including drowsiness, sedation, dizziness, memory problems, and impaired motor coordination. It can also lead to dependence and withdrawal symptoms if used for extended periods. It is important to use alprazolam under the guidance of a healthcare professional and to be aware of its potential risks. 9 1

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities

Most studies agree that alprazolam can be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms and may have fewer side effects compared to other benzodiazepines. 7 8 3

Differences

Studies have observed variations in the effectiveness and side effects of alprazolam. 1 found no significant clinical improvement in children and adolescents, while other studies have reported positive effects. 9 showed that alprazolam was more effective in treating panic disorder and agoraphobia, but it also had more side effects. These differences highlight the potential variability in response to alprazolam depending on factors like age, diagnosis, and individual factors.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While there is general agreement that alprazolam can be effective for anxiety, some inconsistencies exist. 1 found no significant improvement in children and adolescents, contrasting with other studies. 9 highlighted the potential for adverse reactions and side effects. These discrepancies suggest the need for further research to refine our understanding of alprazolam's effectiveness and safety in diverse populations.

Real-World Considerations

Alprazolam should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional and with careful monitoring for potential side effects and dependence. 1 9 7 8 It is crucial to avoid self-medication and to adhere to prescribed dosage instructions.

Limitations of Current Research

Further research is needed to understand the long-term effects and safety of alprazolam, particularly in children and adolescents. The impact of alprazolam on different anxiety disorders and patient populations requires further investigation. 1

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on investigating the long-term effects and risks associated with alprazolam, particularly in children and adolescents. 1 Exploring the effectiveness of alprazolam across different anxiety disorders and understanding its interactions with other medications are essential areas for future research.

Conclusion

Alprazolam can be an effective treatment for anxiety disorders, but it's crucial to use it under the guidance of a healthcare professional and be aware of its potential risks. 9 Further research is needed to refine our understanding of its effects and safety, particularly in vulnerable populations. 1

Literature analysis of 11 papers
Positive Content
8
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
3
Article Type
11
0
0
0
11
1.

Clinical, cognitive, and neurophysiological effects of alprazolam in children and adolescents with overanxious and avoidant disorders.

Author: SimeonJ G, FergusonH B, KnottV, RobertsN, GauthierB, DuboisC, WigginsD

Safe for anxiety

Alprazolam did not show any significant difference from placebo in treating childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders in a double-blind study. While alprazolam was well tolerated, there were no significant clinical improvements.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

The effects of alprazolam alone and combined with alcohol on central integrative activity.

Author: BondA J, SilveiraJ C, LaderM H

Alcohol interaction
Alprazolam for sleep

Alprazolam, an anxiolytic medication, has dominant effects over alcohol on central nervous system activity. In a study involving 48 healthy volunteers, alprazolam decreased evoked response amplitudes, altered EEG activity, and decreased the frequency of perceived fusion, while alcohol prolonged reaction time and increased tremor.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Alprazolam and oxazepam in the treatment of anxious out-patients with depressive symptoms: a double-blind multicenter study.

Author: RimónR, KultalahtiE R, KalliA, KoskinenT, LepolaU, NaaralaM, TickE

Anxiety relief

Both alprazolam and oxazepam were effective in relieving anxiety associated with mild depression, with alprazolam proving somewhat more effective than oxazepam. Both drugs were well tolerated with few and mild adverse effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of a single nocturnal dose of alprazolam.

Author: NormanT R, BurrowsG D, McIntyreI M

Psychomotor impairment

Alprazolam was found to impair psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers. Significant impairment of choice reaction time occurred 1 and 11 h after the dose of alprazolam compared to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Effects of alprazolam and diazepam on the daytime sleepiness of non-anxious subjects.

Author: SeidelW F, CohenS A, WilsonL, DementW C

Selective tolerance to sedative effects
Daytime sedation

Alprazolam and diazepam both cause sedation, but alprazolam appears to cause more sedation initially. Tolerance develops to alprazolam's sedative effects, but not to its anti-anxiety effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

A double-blind study of alprazolam and lorazepam in the treatment of anxiety.

Author: RuizA T

Safe and effective for anxiety symptoms
Drowsiness
Lightheadedness

Alprazolam and lorazepam were equally effective and safe in treating anxiety in a 4-week double-blind study. Alprazolam was associated with fewer autonomic symptoms and dizziness.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

A double blind comparison of alprazolam, diazepam and placebo in the treatment of anxious out-patients.

Author: DavisonK, FarquharsonR G, KhanM C, MajidA

Treats anxiety
Side effects

Alprazolam was as effective as diazepam in treating anxiety and showed evidence of antidepressant activity. Alprazolam had fewer and milder side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Alprazolam compared to diazepam and placebo in the treatment of anxiety.

Author: AdenG C, TheinS G

Fewer side effects
Reduced anxiety
Drowsiness

Alprazolam is effective in treating anxiety and is as effective as diazepam. It has fewer side effects than diazepam or placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

9.

Safety and side-effects of alprazolam. Controlled study in agoraphobia with panic disorder.

Author: O'SullivanG H, NoshirvaniH, BaşoğluM, MarksI M, SwinsonR, KuchK, KirbyM

Alprazolam side effects
Benzodiazepine side effects

Alprazolam was associated with more adverse reactions, such as depression, enuresis, disinhibition, and aggression, as well as more side effects, such as sedation, irritability, impaired memory, weight loss, and ataxia, compared to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

10.

Behavioral effects of alprazolam in humans.

Author: KellyT H, FoltinR W, SerpickE, FischmanM W

Adverse performance effects

Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine used to treat anxiety, was found to have dose-related effects on performance in healthy volunteers. At doses of 0.5 mg or higher, alprazolam impaired performance on several tasks.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

11.

Cognitive, psychomotor and actual driving performance in healthy volunteers after immediate and extended release formulations of alprazolam 1 mg.

Author: LeufkensTim R M, VermeerenAnnemiek, SminkBeitske E, van RuitenbeekPeter, RamaekersJohannes G

Improved tolerability
Panic disorder treatment

Alprazolam extended-release (XR) is approved for the treatment of panic disorder and has fewer and less severe side effects than its immediate release equivalent (alprazolam IR).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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