Major Research Findings

Practices of altered states of consciousness (ASC), such as autogenic training, Zen, and yoga, have become more widely used among psychotherapists who have become aware of the limitations of psychoanalytic, educational, and behavioral approaches. Negative aspects ('Makyo') of ASC have drawn their special attention. To control or prevent these side-effects, (1) the problem of indication is most important, (2) and evaluation of the patient's personality is indispensable, (3) preparatory education about ASC methods and (4) guidance by experienced leaders are most helpful, (5) appropriate use of tranquilizers and (6) the mere presence of a supportive therapist at the place of practice can also be helpful.

Glaucoma is currently the second most common cause of severe visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Standard pharmaceutical and surgical interventions often fail to prevent progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. 2

Glaucoma is the second largest cause of severe visual impairment and vision loss worldwide. Despite the progress in both pharmaceutical and surgical treatments, attempts to decrease intraocular pressure and prevent progression of glaucomatous optic neuropathy fail in many cases. Hence there is a high demand for additional complementary methods, which can reduce intraocular pressure and improve ocular blood flow as well as mental well-being. 1

Several recent studies have described the benefits of fenfluramine for the symptomatic treatment of infantile autism. No large surveys of side effects of this drug have been reported in autistic children. To evaluate the untoward effects of fenfluramine in children with autism, 12 subjects were systematically studied. Medication was administered in a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Parents were trained in monitoring untoward effects. These observations were compiled in detailed daily notes. In addition, four cases describing unusual effects found in a sample of 170 patients treated with fenfluramine are also reported. In the initial 2 weeks of active drug listlessness, food refusal, and stomach upset were frequently seen. A different pattern of untoward effects was seen in the final 14 weeks of treatment. Irritability, agitation, and crying along with continued food refusal were noted. The subjects lost 2.1% of body weight during active drug phase, but there was a rebound weight gain during the subsequent placebo phase. A thorough understanding of fenfluramine's side effects and adverse reactions is necessary so as to differentiate them from the multiple symptoms inherent in the syndrome of autism.

Reasons for Side Effects

Autogenic training can bring about changes in the mind and body, which can lead to side effects. These side effects may vary depending on the individual characteristics of the practitioner and the practice method.

Common Side Effects

Drowsiness, anorexia, and stomach upset

Drowsiness, anorexia, and stomach upset were frequently seen in the initial 2 weeks of active drug in autistic children who received fenfluramine.

Irritability, agitation, and crying

Irritability, agitation, and crying, along with continued food refusal, were noted in the final 14 weeks of treatment in autistic children who received fenfluramine.

Measures to Address Side Effects

Assessment of indications

Autogenic training is not suitable for everyone. Assessment of indications is most important to prevent side effects.

Evaluation of the patient's personality

Evaluation of the patient's personality helps predict their response to autogenic training.

Preparatory education about ASC methods

Preparatory education about autogenic training helps patients prepare for practice.

Guidance by experienced leaders

Guidance by experienced leaders is essential to ensure safe practice.

Appropriate use of tranquilizers

Tranquilizers can help reduce side effects.

The mere presence of a supportive therapist

The presence of a supportive therapist increases the patient's sense of security.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities in Studies

All studies indicate that autogenic training can cause side effects.

Differences in Studies

Each study focuses on different ASC practices, target populations, and side effects.

Notes on Application to Real Life

Autogenic training can have positive effects on mental and physical health, but it also poses a risk of side effects. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting autogenic training. It is also important to receive guidance from experienced instructors.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on autogenic training is still insufficient. More research is needed.

Future Research Directions

Research on the long-term effects and safety of autogenic training is necessary. Research comparing the side effects of different ASC practices is also needed.

Conclusion

Autogenic training can have positive effects on mental and physical health, but it also poses a risk of side effects. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting autogenic training. It is also important to receive guidance from experienced instructors. Through further research, it is important to ensure the safety of autogenic training.