Major Research Findings

Bodybuilding is a type of exercise that focuses on building muscle mass and improving body composition. Many studies have investigated the effects of bodybuilding on health and have found various outcomes. 1 showed a case series of bodybuilders who experienced kidney problems after long-term use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). 2 highlighted the association between image-driven social media, body image dissatisfaction, and the use of AAS among bodybuilders, emphasizing the importance of dermatologists in recognizing and addressing potential AAS misuse. 5 provides a comprehensive review of the history, types, and health effects of performance-enhancing substance use in bodybuilding, underscoring the need for regulation and prevention efforts. 6 examined the motives, perceptions, and safety concerns surrounding AAS use among gym users in Jordan, revealing a lack of knowledge about the effects of these substances among many athletes.

7 investigated the effects of β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a muscle-building supplement, on an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study found that HMB exhibited anti-autoimmune properties and could potentially be beneficial in treating MS. 8 conducted a systematic review of case studies on physique athletes, revealing significant alterations in body composition, neuromuscular performance, hormonal levels, physiological adaptations, and psychometric outcomes during pre-contest preparation. 9 examined the PINI scoring system, a simple formula used for assessing nutritional and inflammatory conditions in critically ill patients.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Bodybuilding can offer several benefits, including improved physical fitness, increased muscle mass, and enhanced overall health. 5 suggests that bodybuilding can promote healthy lifestyle habits. 15 indicated that traditional Chinese exercise therapies may have a positive effect on fall prevention in older adults.

Risk Summary

Bodybuilding also carries several risks, including the potential for injuries, adverse effects from performance-enhancing substances, and nutritional imbalances. 1 documented cases of kidney damage linked to AAS use. 2 highlighted the potential for skin problems associated with AAS. 13 raised concerns about premature death among bodybuilders and the role of AAS in contributing to this phenomenon. 11 conducted a systematic review of adverse events associated with clenbuterol, a beta-2 agonist frequently misused by athletes, emphasizing the potential for life-threatening complications. 12 reported a case where AAS use led to severe complications such as ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome), diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, and pericardial effusion, highlighting the potential for serious health risks.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities

Across the reviewed studies, there is a consistent recognition of the potential benefits and risks associated with bodybuilding. The use of performance-enhancing substances and the potential for injuries are consistently mentioned as significant concerns.

Differences

Different studies focus on specific aspects of bodybuilding and its effects on health. For instance, 5 emphasizes the role of bodybuilding in promoting healthy habits, while 13 highlights the potential for premature death among bodybuilders.

Consistency and Contradictions

While there is a general understanding of the potential benefits and risks associated with bodybuilding, the research on the long-term health implications remains inconclusive. The use of performance-enhancing substances adds complexity to the picture, and further investigation is needed to fully understand their impact on health.

Practical Implications and Cautions

Individuals considering bodybuilding should carefully assess their health, consult with healthcare professionals, and choose a training plan that is safe and appropriate for their physical capabilities. It is essential to avoid the use of performance-enhancing substances, as the risks outweigh any perceived benefits.

Limitations of Current Research

Current research on bodybuilding and its health implications is limited in several areas. More research is needed to understand the long-term effects of AAS use and other performance-enhancing substances on overall health. Further exploration of the factors contributing to premature death among bodybuilders is also warranted.

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on the long-term health consequences of AAS use, including cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal risks. Studies investigating the effectiveness of alternative muscle-building strategies, such as natural supplements and exercise techniques, are also needed. Research examining the psychological and social factors influencing the use of performance-enhancing substances would provide valuable insights for prevention and intervention programs.

Conclusion

Bodybuilding offers potential benefits for physical fitness and health, but it also carries inherent risks, especially when performance-enhancing substances are involved. Individuals interested in bodybuilding should prioritize their health and safety by consulting with healthcare professionals and choosing safe, evidence-based training methods. The avoidance of performance-enhancing substances is crucial for minimizing health risks. Further research is necessary to understand the full range of health implications associated with bodybuilding and to develop effective strategies for promoting safe and healthy practices.