Effective treatment of childhood vaccines: A Synthesis of Findings from 29 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Key Research Findings

Several studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of childhood vaccines on children's health. For example, 12 showed that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and live attenuated rotavirus vaccines significantly reduce antibiotic use among children under five years old in low- and middle-income countries. This is because these vaccines are effective in preventing acute respiratory infections and diarrhea that often require antibiotic treatment.

24 found that early initiation of HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy) in children vertically infected with HIV-1 enhanced the function of memory B-cells acquired during routine childhood vaccinations. On the other hand, patients who received late treatment exhibited a significant decline in immunity.

Other studies have investigated the attitudes and behaviors of parents towards childhood vaccination. discovered that in a Turkish hospital, vaccine hesitancy among parents was 13.8%, while vaccine refusal was 4.8%. Vaccine hesitancy was significantly higher in mothers with university education, mothers who became pregnant through treatment, mothers who did not receive training about pediatric vaccines during antenatal follow-up, mothers who followed anti-vaccine groups on social media, and mothers who did not use vitamin D and iron supplements regularly or never used them for their children.

Treatment Summary

4 mentions treatments for Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Diseases (MSMD) including antimycobacterial therapy, interferon-gamma therapy, surgery, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). HSCT is the only known curative treatment.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Childhood vaccinations are proven to significantly reduce the risk of serious illness and death. Vaccines protect children from diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, and polio. 12 demonstrated that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines and live attenuated rotavirus vaccines substantially decrease antibiotic use among children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries.

Risks Summary

As with all vaccines, there are risks of side effects with childhood vaccines. The most common side effects are pain, swelling, and redness at the injection site, and fever. These side effects are usually mild and go away within a short time. Rarely, more serious side effects can occur. However, the benefits of vaccines far outweigh the risks of side effects.

Comparison Between Studies

Similarities

Many studies indicate the beneficial impact of childhood vaccinations on children's health. These studies conclude that vaccination can reduce the risk of vaccine-preventable diseases and improve children's overall well-being.

Differences

Some studies investigated the effectiveness and safety of specific vaccines, while others explored parents' attitudes and behaviors towards vaccination. Additionally, the location of the study and the age range of children included varied across different research projects.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

Many studies demonstrate the beneficial effects of childhood vaccinations on children's health, showing consistent results. However, some studies suggest differences in parents' attitudes and behaviors towards certain vaccines. This suggests that cultural and social factors may influence parents' decisions about vaccination.

Points to Consider for Real-World Application

Childhood vaccination is crucial for safeguarding children's health. All parents should consult with their doctor about their child's vaccination schedule and understand the benefits and risks associated with vaccines. If you have any questions or concerns about vaccination, discuss them with your child's doctor.

Limitations of Current Research

Some studies suggest differences in parents' attitudes and behaviors towards certain vaccines. This indicates that cultural and social factors may influence parents' decisions regarding vaccination. However, further research is needed to fully understand how these factors influence those decisions.

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that influence parents' attitudes and behaviors towards childhood vaccination. Specifically, research should focus on how cultural and social factors play a role in these decisions.

Conclusion

Childhood vaccination is essential for protecting children's health. Vaccines can reduce the risk of vaccine-preventable diseases and improve children's well-being. It is crucial to understand the benefits and risks associated with vaccines and to consult with your doctor about your child's vaccination schedule.

Treatment List

  • Antimycobacterial therapy
  • Interferon-gamma therapy
  • Surgery
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
  • HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
  • Physiotherapy
  • Orthosis treatment
  • Strength or endurance trainings
Literature analysis of 29 papers
Positive Content
25
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
3
Article Type
3
2
5
9
28
2.

Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries.

Author: Oyo-ItaAngela, OduwoleOlabisi, ArikpoDachi, EffaEmmanuel E, EsuEkpereonne B, BalakrishnaYusentha, ChibuzorMoriam T, OringanjeChioma M, NwachukwuChukwuemeka E, WiysongeCharles S, MeremikwuMartin M

Improved immunization coverage

This Cochrane Review examines interventions for improving childhood immunization coverage in low- and middle-income countries. It synthesizes the available evidence on strategies to address the challenge of achieving high immunization rates, especially with the introduction of new vaccines.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Diseases (MSMD) in a 13-Year-Old Ethiopian Girl with Autosomal Dominant Interferon Gamma Receptor 1(IFN-<i>&#947;</i> R1) Defect: A Clinical Diagnostic and Treatment Challenge.

Author: GebeyehuNetsanet Azene, DeribessaSolomie Jebessa, AlexandraFreeman, DemissieMessay Tesfaye, Mihretu GebreW, GebremariamAklilu Melaku, EnglizDagmawit Mitiku, KidaneTizita Yosef, Million BekeleLidya, WeldetsadikAbate Yeshidinber

HSCT for MSMD

Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by susceptibility to mycobacteria. The diagnosis is confirmed through genetic testing. Treatment options include antimycobacterial drugs, interferon-gamma, surgery, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). HSCT is the only curative treatment, but mortality rates range from 40% to 80% depending on the severity of the mutation.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

5.

Febrile seizures: A review.

Author: EilbertWesley, ChanChuck

Improved evaluation and treatment of febrile seizures
Reduced childhood meningitis

This review discusses febrile seizures, which are common in children. The different types of febrile seizures, their evaluation, and prognosis are reviewed, highlighting the impact of childhood vaccines on reducing the incidence of bacterial meningitis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

7.

Arresting vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus (AVERT-HBV) in pregnant women and their neonates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a feasibility study.

Author: ThompsonPeyton, MorganCamille E, NgimbiPatrick, MwandagalirwaKashamuka, RavelomananaNoro L R, TabalaMartine, FathyMalongo, KawendeBienvenu, MuwongaJérémie, MisingiPacifique, MbendiCharles, LuhataChristophe, JhaveriRavi, ClohertyGavin, KabaDidine, YotebiengMarcel, ParrJonathan B

HBV prevention

This study assesses the feasibility and acceptability of incorporating HBV testing and treatment for pregnant women, as well as birth-dose vaccination for infants exposed to HBV, into the HIV prevention of mother-to-child transmission program in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It aims to strengthen the healthcare system's response to HBV transmission and improve infant health outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Childhood Immunization and COVID-19: An Early Narrative Review.

Author: Beric-StojsicBojana, Kalabalik-HogansonJulie, RizzoloDenise, RoySanjoy

Potential BCG
MMR
HEP-A protection
Reduced severity in children

Children appear to have a different immune response to SARS-CoV-2 compared to adults, potentially explaining their lower rates of severe COVID-19 symptoms. This narrative review suggests a potential role for childhood vaccines, such as BCG, MMR, and HEP-A, in protecting against COVID-19 and warrants further clinical investigation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

Vaccines and routine immunization strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author: DinleyiciEner Cagri, BorrowRay, SafadiMarco Aurélio Palazzi, van DammePierre, MunozFlor M

Immunization decline
VPD consequences

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a decline in childhood immunization coverage rates, which could have serious consequences for the control of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). The article emphasizes the importance of continuing routine pediatric immunizations during the pandemic.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

10.

Beliefs about causes of autism and vaccine hesitancy among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Author: Goin-KochelRobin P, FombonneEric, MireSarah S, MinardCharles G, SahniLeila C, CunninghamRachel M, BoomJulie A

ASD-specific hesitancy
Vaccine hesitancy

Vaccine hesitancy may be more common among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examines factors associated with ASD-specific vaccine hesitancy, finding that a combination of child functioning, developmental history, and parental views about ASD influence vaccine hesitancy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Risk-based Vaccines and the Need for Risk-based Subnational Vaccination Strategies for Introduction.

Author: MuhibFarzana B, PecenkaClint J, MarfinAnthony A

Vaccine coverage
Disease risk
Intracountry variability

Most vaccines in the Expanded Program on Immunization are universal childhood vaccines. This article discusses the increasing complexity of introducing risk-based vaccines due to intracountry variability in disease incidence and suggests the need for subnational vaccine strategies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Childhood vaccines and antibiotic use in low- and middle-income countries.

Author: LewnardJoseph A, LoNathan C, ArinaminpathyNimalan, FrostIsabel, LaxminarayanRamanan

Reduced antibiotic use

Pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccines have been shown to reduce antibiotic consumption among children under five years of age in low- and middle-income countries. Universal coverage could prevent an additional 40.0 million episodes of antibiotic-treated illness.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Participant-Centered Online Active Surveillance for Adverse Events Following Vaccination in a Large Clinical Trial: Feasibility and Usability Study.

Author: MunnochSally-Anne, CashmanPatrick, PeelRoseanne, AttiaJohn, HureAlexis, DurrheimDavid N

AEFI monitoring
Vaccine safety

Vaxtracker, an online tool for monitoring vaccine safety, has proven effective in postmarketing surveillance of new childhood vaccines. This study explores the potential application of Vaxtracker for older participants and clinical trial monitoring.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Treating ischemia via recruitment of antigen-specific T cells.

Author: KweeBrian J, SeoBo Ri, NajibiAlexander J, LiAileen W, ShihTing-Yu, WhiteDes, MooneyDavid J

Angiogenesis
Ischemic disease treatment

This study investigates the potential of antigen-releasing scaffolds in promoting vascularization of ischemic tissue. By implanting these scaffolds in previously vaccinated mice, the researchers observed a concentration of antigen-specific T<sub>H</sub>2 T cells, leading to angiogenesis and improved perfusion in ischemic limbs. This approach could offer a promising therapeutic strategy for treating ischemic diseases in individuals with prior vaccination.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Anaphylaxis after vaccination reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990-2016.

Author: SuJohn R, MoroPedro L, NgCarmen S, LewisPaige W, SaidMaria A, CanoMaria V

anaphylaxis treatment
anaphylaxis risk

Anaphylaxis after vaccination is rare in the United States and can occur in those with no history of hypersensitivity. While most people recover fully with treatment, serious complications, including death, can occur.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

Comparative effectiveness of injectable penicillin versus a combination of penicillin and gentamicin in children with pneumonia characterised by indrawing in Kenya: protocol for an observational study.

Author: MallaLucas, Perera-SalazarRafael, McFaddenEmily, EnglishMike

Reduced pneumonia mortality

Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in children, especially in Africa. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of different treatment regimens for pneumonia in Kenyan children using a large observational dataset. The goal is to find a cheaper and quicker way to determine if penicillin plus gentamicin is more effective than penicillin alone in treating indrawing pneumonia.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Insights into defective serological memory after acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treatment: The role of the plasma cell survival niche, memory B-cells and gut microbiota in vaccine responses.

Author: Saghafian-HedengrenShanie, SöderströmIsmael, Sverremark-EkströmEva, NilssonAnna

Reduced ALL mortality
Chemotherapy side effects
Vaccine-preventable infections

This review summarizes clinical findings regarding defective humoral immunity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors. It highlights the need for further research on the relationship between chemotherapy and gut microbiota in shaping the immune system during recovery.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

Understanding Black Patients' Refusal of Pneumococcal Vaccination.

Author: BrownTiffany, GoldmanShira N, AcostaFrancisco, GarrettAriane M, LeeJi Young, PersellStephen D, CameronKenzie A

Vaccine awareness
Mistrust
Vaccine hesitancy

Black patients who refused pneumococcal vaccine (PPSV23) may not perceive themselves to be susceptible to pneumonia. Strategies to improve PPSV23 rates may need to emphasize susceptibility to the disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

20.

Strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy - A systematic review.

Author: JarrettCaitlin, WilsonRose, O'LearyMaureen, EckersbergerElisabeth, LarsonHeidi J,

Vaccination uptake

Few strategies to address vaccine hesitancy have been evaluated for their impact on vaccination uptake or changes in knowledge, awareness, or attitudes. The majority of studies focused on raising knowledge and awareness, with multicomponent and dialogue-based interventions showing the most effectiveness. Due to the complexity of vaccine hesitancy, strategies should be carefully tailored to the target population, their reasons for hesitancy, and the specific context.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

21.

Geographic clusters in underimmunization and vaccine refusal.

Author: LieuTracy A, RayG Thomas, KleinNicola P, ChungCindy, KulldorffMartin

Immunization quality
Vaccine refusal risks

This study aimed to describe geographic clusters of underimmunization and vaccine refusal, compare clusters of underimmunization with different vaccines, and evaluate whether vaccine refusal clusters may pose barriers to achieving high immunization rates.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

PedVacc 002: a phase I/II randomized clinical trial of MVA.HIVA vaccine administered to infants born to human immunodeficiency virus type 1-positive mothers in Nairobi.

Author: NjugunaIrene N, AmblerGwen, ReillyMarie, OndondoBeatrice, KanyugoMercy, Lohman-PayneBarbara, GichuhiChristine, BorthwickNicola, BlackAntony, MehediShams-Rony, SunJiyu, Maleche-ObimboElizabeth, ChohanBhavna, John-StewartGrace C, JaokoWalter, HankeTomáš

Safe vaccine
Trial feasibility
HBV protection
Low immunogenicity

A phase I/II randomized controlled trial of 73 infants born to HIV-1-positive mothers found that a single low dose of MVA.HIVA vaccine was safe and compatible with routine childhood vaccinations. The vaccine showed low immunogenicity and did not negatively impact antibody levels to routine childhood vaccines, except for HBV.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Neonatal vitamin K refusal and nonimmunization.

Author: SahniVanita, LaiFlorence Y, MacDonaldShannon E

Vitamin K deficiency prevention
Immunization refusal

Neonatal Vitamin K prophylaxis is an effective intervention for reducing vitamin K deficiency bleeding. This study investigated the prevalence and characteristics of parents who refuse vitamin K prophylaxis and whether they are more likely to refuse immunization for their children.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Early highly active antiretroviral therapy enhances B-cell longevity: a 5 year follow up.

Author: CagigiAlberto, RinaldiStefano, CotugnoNicola, MannoEmma Concetta, SantilliVeronica, MoraNadia, ZangariPaola, AquilaniAngela, TchidjouKuekou Hyppolite, GiaquintoCarlo, BernardiStefania, RossiPaolo, PalmaPaolo

Enhanced immunity

Previous research showed that early initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV-1 vertically infected children enhanced memory B-cell function. However, late treatment led to a significant waning of immunity. This follow-up study examines the effects of revaccinating late-treated patients with routine childhood vaccines.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

[Recommendations for making decisions when parents refuse to vaccinate their children: ethical analysis].

Author: Riaño GalánI, Martínez GonzálezC, Sánchez JacobM,

Vaccine protection
Vaccine hesitancy

Vaccination is the most effective primary prevention activity for children. However, anti-vaccine movements have led to some parents refusing to vaccinate their children. This refusal raises a conflict of values between parents' rights and the need to protect group immunity. Pediatricians play an essential role in providing accurate information about vaccination and promoting responsible choices.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Practice GuidelineGuidelines and recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of specific medical conditions in medical practice.

Language : Spanish

26.

Treatment for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Author: YoungP, De JongheP, StögbauerF, Butterfass-BahloulT

Improved CMT treatment
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of nerve disorders affecting movement and sensation. The most common types are CMT1 (demyelinating) and CMT2 (axonal). The genetic causes of several CMT types have been identified in recent years. Since muscle weakness and sensory problems are the main features, treatments aim to improve these. There are very few studies on specific treatments for CMT.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

27.

Randomised controlled trial protocol of foot and ankle exercise for children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Author: SmanAmy D, RaymondJacqueline, RefshaugeKathryn M, MenezesManoj P, WalkerTerri, OuvrierRobert A, BurnsJoshua

Improved strength
Reduced disability

This study is the first randomised controlled trial to evaluate the risks and benefits of strengthening the affected muscles in children with CMT.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

28.

Ascorbic acid for the treatment of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Author: GessBurkhard, BaetsJonathan, De JonghePeter, ReillyMary M, PareysonDavide, YoungPeter

CMT treatment

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of inherited disorders that cause muscle weakness and nerve problems. While the causes of many types of CMT have been identified, there is no effective treatment. Treatments focus on improving muscle weakness and nerve symptoms to enhance function. This review summarizes research on CMT treatments, focusing on medications.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

29.

Rehabilitation Management of the Charcot-Marie-Tooth Syndrome: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Author: CorradoBruno, CiardiGianluca, BargigliChiara

Improved ADLs
Improved functionality

This systematic review examines the evidence for rehabilitation treatment for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). While conservative treatment is the current approach, the study explores the potential benefits of physiotherapy and orthosis use for managing symptoms and improving function.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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