Side Effects of chlordiazepoxide: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Chlordiazepoxide, a benzodiazepine drug, is effective in treating anxiety. 19 This medication has been shown to reduce anxiety and tension but it can also cause certain side effects. 1

Reason for Side Effects

Chlordiazepoxide works by affecting GABA receptors in the brain, which can cause various side effects because GABA receptors are found throughout the brain and have an impact on diverse brain functions. 3

Common Side Effects

Drowsiness

Drowsiness is a common side effect of chlordiazepoxide, which can occur due to its sedative properties and its effect on brain activity. 19 Drowsiness is more noticeable at the beginning of treatment and gradually diminishes over time. 2

Dizziness

Chlordiazepoxide can cause dizziness, likely due to its impact on brain regions responsible for balance. 19

Decreased Concentration

Reduced concentration is another common side effect of chlordiazepoxide, likely due to its suppression of brain activity. 19 2

Memory Impairment

Chlordiazepoxide can interfere with memory formation, leading to potential memory impairment. 1 2

Dependence

Prolonged use of chlordiazepoxide can lead to dependence, potentially resulting in withdrawal symptoms when discontinuing the medication. 1 24

Paradoxical Reactions

Chlordiazepoxide can cause paradoxical reactions, meaning it may worsen anxiety or even lead to aggression, contrary to its intended effect. 1 24 These reactions may be influenced by individual factors and mental state. 1

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Countermeasures for Drowsiness

To mitigate drowsiness, avoid driving or operating machinery after taking chlordiazepoxide. 19 Adjusting the medication time to before bedtime can also be beneficial. 2 If drowsiness persists, consulting your doctor about potential alternative medications may be necessary.

Countermeasures for Dizziness

To prevent dizziness, move slowly when standing up or walking after taking chlordiazepoxide. 19 Using handrails for support can also help prevent falls. 16

Countermeasures for Decreased Concentration

To manage decreased concentration, carefully schedule your medication to avoid taking it during times when you need to be focused. 19 Getting sufficient sleep is also crucial. 2

Countermeasures for Memory Impairment

To minimize memory impairment, keep track of important information by using notes or a calendar. 1 You might also consult your doctor about potential alternative medications that may have less of an impact on memory. 2

Countermeasures for Dependence

To reduce the risk of dependence, adhere strictly to your doctor's instructions regarding dosage and duration of treatment. 1 If needed, consult with your doctor about switching to alternative medications. 24

Countermeasures for Paradoxical Reactions

If you experience paradoxical reactions, contact your doctor immediately. 1 It's also important to discuss with your doctor your individual needs and find the medication that best suits your condition. 24

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities of Studies

Multiple studies agree that chlordiazepoxide is effective in reducing anxiety. 19 10 2 8 However, they also consistently report side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and decreased concentration. 19 2 8

Differences between Studies

There are variations in the reported effects and severity of side effects associated with chlordiazepoxide across different studies. 19 2 8 These differences can be attributed to factors such as age and condition of the participants, dosage, and research methodologies. 1

Cautions for Application in Real Life

While chlordiazepoxide is an effective treatment for anxiety, it carries the potential for side effects. 1 It is important to exercise caution when performing tasks that require focus and alertness, such as driving or operating machinery. 16 Mixing chlordiazepoxide with alcohol is particularly dangerous and should be avoided. 7 Always follow your doctor's instructions when taking chlordiazepoxide, and consult with them promptly if you experience any side effects. 24

Limitations of Current Research

The research on the side effects of chlordiazepoxide is not yet comprehensive. 1 Further research is essential, particularly to understand the effects of long-term use and individual variations in response to the medication. 9

Future Research Directions

The development of new drugs and treatments aimed at mitigating the side effects of chlordiazepoxide is crucial. 11 Research focusing on predicting the risk of side effects and individual responses to the medication is equally important for tailoring treatment plans. 13

Conclusion

Chlordiazepoxide is an effective anxiety treatment, but it carries the possibility of side effects. 1 It's important to follow your doctor's instructions closely, and report any side effects immediately. 24 The development of safer and more effective anxiety medications is highly desirable. 11

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Effective depression treatment
Fewer premature discontinuations
2
Reduced side effects
3
Anxiety reduction
Appetite improvement
Craving reduction
Insomnia alleviation
Opioid withdrawal treatment
Somatic pain reduction
4
Improved bipolar disorder treatment
Neurodegenerative disorder treatment
Neuroprotection
5
Physician awareness of drug risks
6
Relapse prevention
Safe and effective for alcohol withdrawal
7
Anxiolytic effect
Tranquillizing effect
8
anxiety treatment
reduced side effects
9
Muscle relaxation
Treats anxiety
Treats seizures
10
Anxiolytic effect
Cognitive enhancement
11
Bipolar disorder treatment
12
Antidepressant
Anxiolytic
13
Relapse prevention
Safe and effective for alcohol withdrawal
14
Anxiolytic effect
Tranquillizing effect
15
Anxiety relief
Depression treatment
17
Anxiolytic activity
Reduced motor impairment
Reduced sedation
18
Improved anxiety
19
Anti-anxiety activity
Antidepressant activity
Fewer anticholinergic side effects
No neurological side effects
Well tolerated by elderly
20
Pain management
21
Reduced anxiety symptoms
22
Reduced anxiety
Reduced depression
23
Anxiolytic effect
24
Risk Keywords
Behavioral disinhibition
Confusion
Delusions
Depression
Drowsiness
Hostility
Mania
Rage
1
Sedation
2
Side effects
4
Inadequate awareness of specific drugs
6
Dosage escalation
Tolerance
10
Decreased activity
Superficial sleep
11
Ataxia
Ethanol interaction
Myorelaxation
16
Depression
Drowsiness
Dry mouth
Headaches
Lightheadedness
17
Change in libido
Drowsiness
Fatigue
Indigestion
19
Cardiotoxicity (possible)
Overdosage effects unknown
20
Drowsiness
Ineffective pain relief
23
Rebound anxiety
Sedation
Tolerance
24
Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
21
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
2
Article Type
4
2
2
4
24
2.

A placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Limbitrol versus its components (amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide) in the symptomatic treatment of depressive illness.

Author: FeighnerJ P, BrauzerB, GelenbergA J, GomezE, KievA, KurlandM L, WeissB L

Effective depression treatment
Fewer premature discontinuations
Sedation

Limbitrol, a combination of amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide, was more effective than its components in treating primary depression.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Using behavior to elucidate receptor mechanisms: a review of the discriminative stimulus effects of benzodiazepines.

Author: LelasS, SpealmanR D, RowlettJ K

Reduced side effects

Benzodiazepine (BZ) agonists have been studied using drug discrimination procedures to understand their receptor mechanisms and develop new therapeutic agents with reduced side effects. Receptor selectivity is a critical determinant of the discriminative stimulus effects of BZ agonists.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

4.

Reduction of opioid-withdrawal symptoms with quetiapine.

Author: PinkofskyHarold B, HahnAnn M, CampbellFrances A, RuedaJohn, DaleyDennis C, DouaihyAntoine B

Anxiety reduction
Appetite improvement
Craving reduction
Insomnia alleviation
Opioid withdrawal treatment
Somatic pain reduction
Side effects

Quetiapine was found to be helpful in reducing symptoms of opioid withdrawal in patients undergoing ambulatory detoxification. It was generally well tolerated, with the most common side effects being drowsiness and dizziness.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

Structure-based design leads to the identification of lithium mimetics that block mania-like effects in rodents. possible new GSK-3beta therapies for bipolar disorders.

Author: KozikowskiAlan P, GaisinaIrina N, YuanHongbin, PetukhovPavel A, BlondSylvie Y, FedolakAllison, CaldaroneBarbara, McGoniglePaul

Improved bipolar disorder treatment
Neurodegenerative disorder treatment
Neuroprotection

Inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) may offer a new avenue for treating bipolar disorder by mimicking the therapeutic action of mood stabilizers. These inhibitors have shown promising results in a mouse model of mania.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

6.

Perception of potentially inappropriate medication in elderly patients by Slovak physicians.

Author: WawruchM, ZikavskaM, WsolovaL, JezovaD, FialovaD, KunzoM, KuzelovaM, LassanovaM, KrutyP, KriskaM

Physician awareness of drug risks
Inadequate awareness of specific drugs

Slovak clinicians are aware of the risk of potentially inappropriate medication for elderly patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Divalproex sodium (Depakote) for alcohol withdrawal and relapse prevention.

Author: LongoLance P, CampbellTodd, HubatchSandra

Relapse prevention
Safe and effective for alcohol withdrawal

Divalproex sodium is a safe and effective alternative to benzodiazepines for treating alcohol withdrawal.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Evaluation StudyResearch that systematically evaluates the effectiveness of a particular program or policy. It measures its outcomes and provides important information for future decision-making.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

[Controlled clinical trial of parsalmide in patients with predominantly neuro-anxiety syndromes. Comparison with chlordiazepoxide].

Author: PoliV

Anxiolytic effect
Tranquillizing effect

Parsalmide, a new compound, showed anxiolytic and tranquillizing effects comparable to chlordiazepoxide in 20 patients with anxiety neurosis. Parsalmide had fewer side effects than chlordiazepoxide.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Italian

9.

Evaluation of the anxiolytic-like profile of the GABAB receptor positive modulator CGP7930 in rodents.

Author: JacobsonLaura H, CryanJohn F

anxiety treatment
reduced side effects

GABA(B) receptor positive modulators, such as GS39783 and CGP7930, show anxiolytic activity in rodent models without the motor incoordination and hypothermia side effects associated with full agonists. This suggests that GABA(B) receptor positive modulation is a promising therapeutic strategy for the development of anxiolytic drugs with a superior side-effect profile.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

10.

Are all benzodiazepines clinically equivalent?

Author: LapierreY D

Muscle relaxation
Treats anxiety
Treats seizures
Dosage escalation
Tolerance

Benzodiazepines are effective in treating anxiety, but their clinical effectiveness does not always correlate with their pharmacokinetic properties.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Identification of a glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor that attenuates hyperactivity in CLOCK mutant mice.

Author: KozikowskiAlan P, GunosewoyoHendra, GuoSongpo, GaisinaIrina N, WalterRichard L, KetchersideAriel, McClungColleen A, MesecarAndrew D, CaldaroneBarbara

Bipolar disorder treatment

This study investigated the use of inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in the treatment of manic episodes of bipolar/mood disorders. A benzofuran-3-yl-(indol-3-yl)maleimide compound, a GSK-3β inhibitor, attenuated hyperactivity in manic-like mice, suggesting potential for treating bipolar disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

14.

Divalproex sodium (Depakote) for alcohol withdrawal and relapse prevention.

Author: LongoLance P, CampbellTodd, HubatchSandra

Relapse prevention
Safe and effective for alcohol withdrawal

Divalproex sodium is a safe and effective alternative to benzodiazepines for treating alcohol withdrawal.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Evaluation StudyResearch that systematically evaluates the effectiveness of a particular program or policy. It measures its outcomes and provides important information for future decision-making.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

[Controlled clinical trial of parsalmide in patients with predominantly neuro-anxiety syndromes. Comparison with chlordiazepoxide].

Author: PoliV

Anxiolytic effect
Tranquillizing effect

Parsalmide, a new compound, showed anxiolytic and tranquillizing effects comparable to chlordiazepoxide in 20 patients with anxiety neurosis. Parsalmide had fewer side effects than chlordiazepoxide.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Italian

16.

Interaction of ethanol with excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists in mice.

Author: VanoverK E

Ataxia
Ethanol interaction
Myorelaxation

Excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists exhibit the propensity to interact with ethanol and to have their motor side-effects exaggerated.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

5-ethoxymethyl-7-fluoro-3-oxo-1,2,3,5-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2a]pyridine-4-N-(2-fluorophenyl)carboxamide (RWJ-51204), a new nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic.

Author: DubinskyBarry, VaidyaAnil H, RosenthalDaniel I, HochmanCoralie, CrookeJeffrey J, DeLucaSamantha, DeVineAnn, Cheo-IsaacsCathy T, CarterAlexandre R, JordanAlfonzo D, ReitzAllen B, ShankRichard P

Anxiolytic activity
Reduced motor impairment
Reduced sedation

RWJ-51204, a novel GABA(A) receptor modulator, demonstrated anxiolytic activity in animal models. It exhibited a partial agonist profile, suggesting potential for anxiolytic effects with less sedation and motor impairment than benzodiazepines.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Comparative efficacy of propranolol, chlordiazepoxide, and placebo in the treatment of anxiety: a double-blind trial.

Author: MeibachR C, DunnerD, WilsonL G, IshikiD, DagerS R

Improved anxiety
Change in libido
Drowsiness
Fatigue
Indigestion

Propranolol and chlordiazepoxide were found to be more effective than placebo in treating anxiety in 212 patients. Propranolol was associated with fewer side effects than chlordiazepoxide.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

20.

Trazodone: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in depression and anxiety.

Author: BrogdenR N, HeelR C, SpeightT M, AveryG S

Anti-anxiety activity
Antidepressant activity
Fewer anticholinergic side effects
No neurological side effects
Well tolerated by elderly
Cardiotoxicity (possible)
Overdosage effects unknown

Trazodone was comparable to imipramine and amitriptyline in treating depressive illness, but it caused fewer anticholinergic side effects. It also showed activity against anxiety in depressed patients and may be of value in tremors and chronic alcoholism.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

21.

Muscle relaxants for pain management in rheumatoid arthritis.

Author: RichardsBethan L, WhittleSamuel L, BuchbinderRachelle

Pain management

Muscle relaxants are widely used as adjuncts in managing chronic musculoskeletal pain, but evidence supporting their effectiveness is limited.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

22.

Hydroxyzine for generalised anxiety disorder.

Author: GuaianaGiuseppe, BarbuiCorrado, CiprianiAndrea

Reduced anxiety symptoms

Hydroxyzine, an antihistamine, has been explored for its potential in managing generalized anxiety disorder, alongside established treatments like cognitive behavioral therapy and antidepressants.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

23.

Adjunctive antianxiety agents in the management of chronic pain.

Author: Yosselson-SuperstineS, LipmanA G, SandersS H

Reduced anxiety
Reduced depression
Drowsiness
Ineffective pain relief

Three antianxiety medications, hydroxyzine, prochlorperazine, and chlordiazepoxide, did not significantly improve pain levels or reduce medication usage compared to placebo in patients with chronic cancer and arthritic pain. Chlordiazepoxide reduced anxiety and depression, but was associated with more side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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