Major Research Findings

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are medications primarily used to treat malaria, but they have also been found to be effective in managing the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases. 3 These drugs have shown benefits in improving joint and muscle pain, skin rashes, fatigue, fever, and even controlling systemic lupus signs like pericarditis or pleuritis. 3 However, despite their effectiveness, a key concern is their potential side effects, especially on the eyes, where they can cause retinal damage, potentially reversible, particularly with hydroxychloroquine. 3

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are due to their broad range of actions within the body. These medications work by binding to various targets, influencing physiological processes beyond their intended antimalarial effects. 12 This broad spectrum of activity can lead to unintended consequences, including chronic systemic toxicity. 12

Common Side Effects

Eye Side Effects

A significant concern with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine is their potential to affect the eyes, particularly the retina, leading to vision problems. 3 、 15 、 10 、、、 5 、

Neurological Side Effects

Chloroquine can impact the nervous system, potentially causing symptoms like headaches, dizziness, numbness, seizures, and altered consciousness. 12

Cardiovascular Side Effects

Chloroquine can affect the heart muscle, potentially leading to heart dysfunction. 12

Gastrointestinal Side Effects

Gastrointestinal issues are common with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. 4 、 11

Psychiatric Side Effects

While less common, psychiatric side effects have been reported, including hallucinations and anxiety. 、 1

Musculoskeletal Side Effects

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can affect skeletal muscles, potentially leading to myopathy, which is a condition that weakens the muscles. 2

Ototoxicity

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can affect the inner ear, potentially leading to hearing loss or tinnitus. 16

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Eye Side Effects

Before starting chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, a comprehensive eye exam by an ophthalmologist is crucial. 3 、 15

Other Side Effects

If you experience any side effects while taking chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, promptly consult your doctor. 12

Comparison between Studies

Common Points of Studies

Many studies converge on the fact that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can affect the eyes, particularly the retina, potentially leading to vision problems. 3 、 15 、 10 、、、 5 、 Research also suggests that these medications can affect the heart, muscles, nerves, inner ear, and kidneys. 12

Differences between Studies

The occurrence and severity of side effects associated with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can vary across different studies. 15 、 11

Precautions for Application in Real Life

It is important to understand that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can impact the retina of the eye. 3 、 15 、 10 、、、 5 、 Therefore, regular eye examinations are critical, especially before starting treatment with these medications. 3 、 15

Limitations of Current Research

More research is needed to fully understand the side effects of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. 12

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on gaining a deeper understanding of how these drugs interact with the body and explore ways to minimize their side effects. 12

Conclusion

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are effective treatments for malaria and certain autoimmune disorders, but they can potentially cause side effects, especially affecting the eyes. 3 、 15 、 10 、、、 5 、 They can also affect other organs like the heart, muscles, nerves, inner ear, and kidneys. 12 It is crucial to discuss the potential risks and benefits of these medications with your doctor before starting treatment. 12