Effects of cholera vaccine: A Synthesis of Findings from 22 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Cholera vaccines have been extensively studied and shown to be effective in preventing cholera. 15 analyzed the cholera outbreaks in Odisha, India, and found that oral cholera vaccines (OCV) are effective and recommended for community vaccination, especially among vulnerable populations. 21 used a mathematical model to analyze cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe, revealing the crucial role of vaccination coverage and vaccine efficacy in cholera control. 6 evaluated the safety and effectiveness of oral cholera vaccines in Beijing Olympic volunteers and workers, confirming its safety and efficacy. 7 investigated the association between malnutrition and cholera infection in a family study in Bangladesh, concluding that malnutrition does not impact the risk of cholera infection. 10 examined the risks of cholera infection during pregnancy and the safety of cholera vaccines for pregnant women, concluding that cholera infection poses a significant threat to pregnant women, while cholera vaccines are safe during pregnancy. 4 conducted an efficacy trial of oral cholera vaccine in a cholera-endemic area in Indonesia, indicating that a single dose may not provide long-term protection. 3 evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of oral cholera vaccines in Colombia, confirming its safety and ability to induce antibody production. 2 conducted a field trial of cholera vaccine in Calcutta, India, showing its effectiveness in protecting children under five years of age for 6 months. 8 analyzed the efforts and challenges in combating cholera outbreaks in Malawi, highlighting the need for improved sanitation and hygiene practices. 22 conducted a meta-analysis on the impact of oral cholera vaccination on pregnancy outcomes, confirming the safety of oral cholera vaccines for pregnant women. 20 studied the immune responses induced by live-attenuated oral cholera vaccines in mice, demonstrating the effectiveness of short-term intestinal colonization in inducing protective immune responses. 1 evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh, confirming its safety and ability to induce antibody production. 14 studied the potential of chitosan and alginate salt as adjuvants for enhancing the immune response to cholera vaccines. 11 compared the safety and immunogenicity of two oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh, finding both to be safe and effective. 16 assessed the long-term immunogenicity of oral cholera vaccines in adolescents in the United States, revealing its long-lasting immune response. 5 reanalyzed data from a cluster-randomized trial to assess herd protection conferred by oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh. 13 studied the stability of live-attenuated oral cholera vaccine in drinking water from the US and Europe. 17 investigated methods for estimating vaccine effects considering interference and censoring in a cholera vaccine study. 12 evaluated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a new oral cholera vaccine in Bangladesh. 19 assessed the safety and immunogenicity of live-attenuated oral cholera vaccine in young children in the United States. 18 analyzed the genome and proteome of a rice-based oral cholera vaccine.

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Cholera vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing cholera. 15 ， 21 ， 6 ， 10 ， 16 ， 5 ， 12 ， 19 These studies have confirmed the effectiveness and safety of cholera vaccines. 7 showed that malnutrition does not hinder the effectiveness of cholera vaccines. 22 confirmed the safety of cholera vaccines for pregnant women. 1 research on the immunogenicity and safety of oral cholera vaccines demonstrated its safety and ability to induce antibody production. Moreover, 14 showed that chitosan and alginate salt could potentially be used as adjuvants to enhance the immune response to cholera vaccines. 11 compared the safety and immunogenicity of two oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh and found both to be safe and effective. 18 analyzed the genome and proteome of a rice-based oral cholera vaccine.

Risk Summary

Cholera vaccines are generally safe, but side effects can occur in some cases. 6 reported mild gastrointestinal symptoms as side effects after vaccination. 3 reported mild symptoms as side effects after vaccination. 11 reported no serious adverse events related to the vaccines. 19 reported mild to moderate reactogenicity after vaccination, but no serious adverse events. 4 did not report any side effects after vaccination. 10 found that cholera infection could pose a significant threat to pregnant women.

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities

Many studies have shown that cholera vaccines are effective in preventing cholera. 15 ， 21 ， 6 ， 10 ， 4 ， 3 ， 2 ， 8 ， 22 ， 20 ， 1 ， 14 ， 11 ， 16 ， 5 ， 13 ， 17 ， 12 ， 19 ， 18 These studies have confirmed the effectiveness and safety of cholera vaccines. Many studies have shown that side effects from cholera vaccines are mild and serious adverse events are rare. 6 ， 3 ， 11 ， 19 These studies have reported mild symptoms as side effects after vaccination, but no serious adverse events.

Differences

There are various types of cholera vaccines, and each study has its own target population and methodology. 15 analyzed the cholera outbreaks in Odisha, India. 21 used a mathematical model to analyze cholera outbreaks in Zimbabwe. 6 evaluated the safety and effectiveness of oral cholera vaccines in Beijing Olympic volunteers and workers. 7 investigated the association between malnutrition and cholera infection in a family study in Bangladesh. 10 examined the risks of cholera infection during pregnancy and the safety of cholera vaccines for pregnant women. 4 conducted an efficacy trial of oral cholera vaccine in a cholera-endemic area in Indonesia. 3 evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of oral cholera vaccines in Colombia. 2 conducted a field trial of cholera vaccine in Calcutta, India. 8 analyzed the efforts and challenges in combating cholera outbreaks in Malawi. 22 conducted a meta-analysis on the impact of oral cholera vaccination on pregnancy outcomes. 20 studied the immune responses induced by live-attenuated oral cholera vaccines in mice. 1 evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh. 14 studied the potential of chitosan and alginate salt as adjuvants for enhancing the immune response to cholera vaccines. 11 compared the safety and immunogenicity of two oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh. 16 assessed the long-term immunogenicity of oral cholera vaccines in adolescents in the United States. 5 reanalyzed data from a cluster-randomized trial to assess herd protection conferred by oral cholera vaccines in Bangladesh. 13 studied the stability of live-attenuated oral cholera vaccine in drinking water from the US and Europe. 17 investigated methods for estimating vaccine effects considering interference and censoring in a cholera vaccine study. 12 evaluated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a new oral cholera vaccine in Bangladesh. 19 assessed the safety and immunogenicity of live-attenuated oral cholera vaccine in young children in the United States. 18 analyzed the genome and proteome of a rice-based oral cholera vaccine. These studies used various cholera vaccines and targeted different populations using various research methods.

Consistency and Inconsistency of Results

Many studies have shown that cholera vaccines are effective in preventing cholera. 15 ， 21 ， 6 ， 10 ， 4 ， 3 ， 2 ， 8 ， 22 ， 20 ， 1 ， 14 ， 11 ， 16 ， 5 ， 13 ， 17 ， 12 ， 19 ， 18 These studies have confirmed the effectiveness and safety of cholera vaccines. 4 indicated that a single dose may not provide long-term protection. 10 showed that cholera infection could pose a significant threat to pregnant women.

Applying the Findings to Real Life

Cholera vaccines are a valuable tool for preventing cholera in areas with a high risk of infection or during outbreaks. 15 found that oral cholera vaccines (OCV) are effective and recommended for community vaccination, especially among vulnerable populations. 21 found that vaccination coverage and vaccine efficacy are crucial for cholera control. 10 confirmed the safety of cholera vaccines for pregnant women. Cholera vaccines play a crucial role in preventing cholera and protecting public health.

Limitations of Current Research

While extensive research on cholera vaccines has been conducted, there are still many unanswered questions. 4 indicated that a single dose may not provide long-term protection. 10 found that cholera infection could pose a significant threat to pregnant women. These findings suggest that more research is needed to maximize the effectiveness of cholera vaccines.

Directions for Future Research

Future research on cholera vaccines should focus on developing more effective and safer vaccines, finding ways to maintain vaccine effectiveness over the long term, and further investigating the safety of cholera vaccines for pregnant women. 15 highlighted the need for research on the effectiveness of community vaccination, especially among vulnerable populations. 21 emphasized the importance of vaccination coverage and vaccine efficacy in cholera control. 10 called for further research on the safety of cholera vaccines for pregnant women. Through these research efforts, we can improve the effectiveness of cholera vaccines and protect more people from cholera.

Conclusion

Cholera vaccines have been proven to be effective and safe in preventing cholera in many studies. 15 ， 21 ， 6 ， 10 ， 4 ， 3 ， 2 ， 8 ， 22 ， 20 ， 1 ， 14 ， 11 ， 16 ， 5 ， 13 ， 17 ， 12 ， 19 ， 18 These studies have confirmed the effectiveness and safety of cholera vaccines. Getting vaccinated against cholera is an important step in preventing cholera infection, especially in areas with a high risk of infection or during outbreaks. Continued research on cholera vaccines will lead to the development of even more effective and safer vaccines, ultimately protecting more people from this potentially deadly disease.

Literature analysis of 22 papers
Positive Content
21
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
10
1
1
1
22
1.

B subunit-whole cell and whole cell-only oral vaccines against cholera: studies on reactogenicity and immunogenicity.

Author: ClemensJ D, StantonB F, ChakrabortyJ, SackD A, KhanM R, HudaS, AhmedF, HarrisJ R, YunusM, KhanM U

Cholera protection
No significant side effects

Oral BS-WC and WC cholera vaccines were more effective than placebo in inducing vibriocidal antibody responses. No statistically significant differences in side effects were found between the vaccine and placebo groups.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

2.

A controlled field trial of an aluminum phosphate-adsorbed cholera vaccine in Calcutta.

Author: PalS C, DebB C, Sen GuptaP G, DeS P, SircarB K, SenD, SikdarS N

No serious side effects
Protection against cholera

An aluminum phosphate-adsorbed cholera vaccine provided 100% protection to children under five years of age for 6 months, 88.9% for 12 months, and 91.7% for 18 months. The overall protection for all age groups was 58.5% for 18 months. There were no serious side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Safety and immunogenicity of oral killed whole cell recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in Barranquilla, Colombia.

Author: ConchaA, GiraldoA, CastañedaE, MartínezM, de la HozF, RivasF, DepetrisA, SvennerholmA M, SackD A

Cholera prevention

A new oral cholera vaccine (rBS/WC) was found to be safe and immunogenic in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Two doses of the vaccine induced a two-fold increase in vibriocidal antibodies and a significant increase in IgG and IgA antitoxins. The immune response was similar to that obtained with the conventional oral cholera vaccine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Efficacy trial of single-dose live oral cholera vaccine CVD 103-HgR in North Jakarta, Indonesia, a cholera-endemic area.

Author: RichieE E, PunjabiN H, SidhartaY Y, PeetosutanK K, SukandarM M, WassermanS S, LesmanaM M, WangsasaputraF F, PandamS S, LevineM M, O'HanleyP P, CryzS J, SimanjuntakC H

Cholera prevention
Cholera vaccine

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of one dose of CVD 103-HgR live oral cholera vaccine showed no vaccine-attributable side effects and a modest suggestion of protection against cholera.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

5.

Unmasking herd protection by an oral cholera vaccine in a cluster-randomized trial.

Author: AliMohammad, QadriFirdausi, KimDeok Ryun, IslamTaufiqul, ImJustin, AhmmedFaisal, ChonYun, Islam KhanAshraful, ZamanKhalequ, MarksFlorian, ClemensJohn D

Direct protection
Herd protection

Inactivated, whole-cell oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) confer both direct protection and herd protection. This study reanalysed a cluster-randomized effectiveness trial to assess whether herd effects were masked in the original analysis.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

[Analysis of safety and effects on the oral whole cell/recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in university students and workers].

Author: ShiNian-min, LuoFeng-ji, LiShu-ming, BaiYun-hua, QuYan, SongXin

Increased anti-CT titers
Reduced diarrhea incidence
Gastrointestinal symptoms

This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of an oral whole cell/recombinant B subunit cholera vaccine in Olympic volunteers and workers in Beijing. The vaccine was found to be safe and effective, with a protective rate of 76.27% in volunteers.

Evaluation StudyResearch that systematically evaluates the effectiveness of a particular program or policy. It measures its outcomes and provides important information for future decision-making.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Chinese

7.

Effects of undernutrition on infection with Vibrio cholerae O1 and on response to oral cholera vaccine.

Author: GlassR I, SvennerholmA M, StollB J, KhanM R, HudaS, HuqM I, HolmgrenJ

Antitoxin response

Undernutrition was not associated with colonization or disease with Vibrio cholerae O1 in children. Undernourished children had similar immune responses to infection and cholera B subunit as well-nourished children.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

Fight against cholera outbreak, efforts and challenges in Malawi.

Author: MiggoMictum, HarawaGracian, KangweremaAllan, KnovicksSimfukwe, MfuneChalo, SafariJackson, KaundaJohn Thumbiko, KaluaJoel, SefuGlory, PhiriElias, PatelParth

Early detection
Improved surveillance
Treatment facilities

The study highlighted the ongoing cholera outbreak in Malawi, one of the worst in the past 10 years. The country has taken steps to respond to the outbreak, including setting up treatment facilities, promoting WASH initiatives, and improving surveillance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

Cholera and COVID-19 pandemic prevention in multiple hotspot districts of Uganda: vaccine coverage, adverse events following immunization and WASH conditions survey.

Author: BwireGodfrey, KisakyeAnnet, AmulenEsther, BwanikaJohn Baptist, BadebyeJoan, AanyuChristine, NakiryaBrenda Doreen, OkelloAlfred, OkelloStephen Acellam, BukenyaJustine N, OrachChristopher Garimoi

Reduced COVID-19 cases
Reduced cholera cases

This study investigated mass vaccination campaigns for cholera and COVID-19 in Uganda, assessing vaccine coverage, adverse events following immunization (AEFI), barriers and enablers for vaccine uptake, and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions in six hotspot districts.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Cholera Infection Risks and Cholera Vaccine Safety in Pregnancy.

Author: El HayekPamela, BoueriMyriam, NasrLeah, AounChristine, SayadEdouard, JalladKarl

Cholera vaccine safety
Cholera infection risk

This narrative review summarizes the different complications due to cholera infection in pregnancy and reviews the safety of cholera vaccine administration in pregnant women. Cholera infection can lead to increased stillbirths and neonatal death. Cholera vaccines have shown to be safe in pregnancy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

A non-inferiority trial comparing two killed, whole cell, oral cholera vaccines (Cholvax vs. Shanchol) in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Author: ChowdhuryFahima, AkterAfroza, BhuiyanTaufiqur Rahman, TauheedImam, TeshomeSamuel, SilArijit, ParkJu Yeon, ChonYun, FerdousJannatul, BasherSalima Raiyan, AhmedFaez, KarimMahbubul, AhasanMohammad Mainul, MiaMasudur Rahman, MasudMir Mohammad Ibna, KhanAbdul Wahab, BillahMasum, NaharZebun, KhanImran, RossAllen G, KimDeok Ryun, AshikMd Muktadir Rahman, DigilioLaura, LynchJulia, ExclerJean-Louis, ClemensJohn D, QadriFirdausi

Cholera control
Immunogenicity
Safety

This study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of Cholvax, a locally produced oral cholera vaccine, compared to Shanchol, a licensed vaccine. Cholvax was found to be safe and non-inferior to Shanchol in terms of immunogenicity across different age groups.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

A phase I/II study to evaluate safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of Hillchol®, an inactivated single Hikojima strain based oral cholera vaccine, in a sequentially age descending population in Bangladesh.

Author: ChowdhuryFahima, Ali SyedKhalid, AkterAfroza, Rahman BhuiyanTaufiqur, TauheedImam, KhatonFatema, BiswasRajib, FerdousJannatul, Al BannaHasan, RossAllen G, Mc MillanNigel, SharmaTarun, KanchanVibhu, Pal SinghAjit, GillDavinder, LebensMichael, NordqvistStefan, HolmgrenJan, ClemensJohn D, QadriFirdausi

Prevent cholera

This study evaluates the safety and immunogenicity of a new single strain oral cholera vaccine (OCV), Hillchol, in comparison with Shanchol.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

CVD 103-HgR live, attenuated cholera vaccine strain viability in drinking waters from the US and Europe.

Author: DuffinR Paul, DelbuonoMichael, NishiokaKylie, ShabramPaul, PatelAmish A

Cholera prevention
Vaccine instability

This study investigated the viability of CVD 103-HgR oral cholera vaccine in various water sources. The vaccine was stable in bottled water but showed decreased viability in tap water from certain cities due to copper contamination.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

Long-Term Immunogenicity of Live Oral Cholera Vaccine CVD 103-HgR in Adolescents Aged 12-17 Years in the United States.

Author: McCartyJames M, CassieDavid, BedellLisa, LockMichael D, BennettSean

Immune response

This study followed a subset of adolescents aged 12-17 years for 2 years after vaccination with PXVX0200 to assess the persistence of the immune response.

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

Inverse probability weighted estimators of vaccine effects accommodating partial interference and censoring.

Author: ChakladarSujatro, RosinSamuel, HudgensMichael G, HalloranM Elizabeth, ClemensJohn D, AliMohammad, EmchMichael E

Population-level effects
Vaccine efficacy

This study investigates the effectiveness of a cholera vaccine in Bangladesh, taking into account the possibility that the vaccination status of one person can affect the outcome of another person.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

18.

Comparative whole-genome and proteomics analyses of the next seed bank and the original master seed bank of MucoRice-CTB 51A line, a rice-based oral cholera vaccine.

Author: SasouAi, YukiYoshikazu, HonmaAyaka, SugiuraKotomi, KashimaKoji, Kozuka-HataHiroko, NojimaMasanori, OyamaMasaaki, KurokawaShiho, MaruyamaShinichi, KurodaMasaharu, TanoueShinjiro, TakamatsuNarushi, FujihashiKohtaro, GotoEiji, KiyonoHiroshi

Cholera vaccine
Reduced allergen

This study reports the development of a selection marker-free rice-based oral vaccine against cholera diarrhea, MucoRice-CTB. The study details the genetic modifications in the rice genome, including insertion of the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) gene and an RNAi cassette, to ensure the safety and efficacy of the vaccine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Safety and Immunogenicity of Live Oral Cholera Vaccine CVD 103-HgR in Children Aged 2-5 Years in the United States.

Author: McCartyJames M, CassieDavid, BedellLisa, LockMichael D, BennettSean

Cholera prevention

This phase 4 clinical trial evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the live, attenuated cholera vaccine PXVX0200 in children aged 2-5 years. The vaccine demonstrated high seroconversion rates and a favorable safety profile, indicating its potential for protecting young children against cholera.

Clinical Trial, Phase IVPost-marketing surveillance. Monitors long-term safety/efficacy after approval.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

21.

Stemming cholera tides in Zimbabwe through mass vaccination.

Author: MukandavireZindoga, ManangaziraPortia, NyabadzaFarai, CuadrosDiego F, MusukaGodfrey, MorrisJ Glenn

Cholera control

A cholera outbreak in Zimbabwe required a vaccination coverage of at least 58% using an oral cholera vaccine with 78% efficacy to be contained.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Pregnancy outcomes after a mass vaccination campaign with an oral cholera vaccine: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: ZhangY, ZhangH, WangB, SongG, HaydenJ C, AmirthalingamP, RahmaniJ, BhagavathulaA S, LiZ

Cholera vaccine safety

This meta-analysis of 5 studies with 5584 pregnant women found no evidence of an association between oral cholera vaccination and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, low birthweight, abortion, or malformation. However, the findings do not rule out the possibility of some harm from the vaccine protocol.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

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