Main Research Findings

Ciprofloxacin is one of the most effective antibiotics, but it is characterized by a range of side effects. 13 focuses on the development of new ciprofloxacin releasing systems (CRS) to reduce toxicity. The study found that ultrasound can efficiently promote the coupling of ciprofloxacin to chitosan, forming self-assembled nanoparticles (SANPs) with extended release profile (20 h). These SANPs showed superior antibacterial effect and minimal toxicity in rats compared to ciprofloxacin alone.

Other studies explored the specific side effects of ciprofloxacin. 12 investigated the impact of ciprofloxacin on rat gastric mucosa, revealing significant changes in the gastric mucosal architecture and bacteriology. This study suggests that long-term use of ciprofloxacin can affect the digestive system.

Reasons for Side Effects

Ciprofloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA replication by blocking the A subunit of DNA gyrase. While this mechanism targets bacterial enzymes, these enzymes also exist in human cells, potentially leading to adverse effects. Moreover, ciprofloxacin can also affect human cells by promoting inflammation, inhibiting energy production, and disrupting neurotransmitter balance.

Common Side Effects

Tendon Rupture

Ciprofloxacin is known to increase the risk of tendon rupture. 1 reports that fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, are associated with collagen-related events such as tendinopathy/rupture. Additionally, a case report ( 14 ) highlights "ciprofloxacin-induced" bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture. This side effect is likely due to ciprofloxacin's influence on tendon cells, reducing their strength.

Nervous System Disorders

Ciprofloxacin can also affect the nervous system, potentially causing headaches, dizziness, lightheadedness, numbness, abnormal sensations, neuralgia, and psychiatric disorders. 1 reports that fluoroquinolones are associated with central and peripheral nervous system abnormalities. 26 specifically discusses the frequency and risk factors of ciprofloxacin-induced neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions.

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Ciprofloxacin can affect the gastrointestinal system, potentially causing nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation. 12 suggests that ciprofloxacin may cause changes in the gastric mucosal architecture and bacteriology in rats.

Others

Ciprofloxacin can also cause a range of other side effects such as liver dysfunction, kidney dysfunction, allergic reactions, photosensitivity, elevated blood sugar levels, and blood cell reduction. 2 reports a case of allergic interstitial nephritis possibly induced by ciprofloxacin. 15 reports a rare case of ciprofloxacin-induced bradycardia, demonstrating the potential of wearable technology in detecting such side effects.

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Tendon Rupture

It is crucial to understand the risk of tendon rupture when taking ciprofloxacin and consult your doctor early if you experience any symptoms. Signs of tendon rupture include pain, swelling, and limited movement. To prevent tendon rupture, it is crucial to avoid strenuous exercise and perform adequate stretching exercises.

Nervous System Disorders

If you experience symptoms of nervous system disorders, consult your doctor immediately. To prevent nervous system disorders, it is important to consult your doctor before taking ciprofloxacin to adjust the dosage and duration of administration. It is also essential to avoid alcohol and caffeine, and ensure adequate rest.

Gastrointestinal Disorders

If you experience symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, follow your doctor's instructions regarding dietary management and medication. To prevent gastrointestinal disorders, it is important to avoid fatty foods, stimulants, and ensure adequate hydration.

Others

When taking ciprofloxacin, always follow your doctor's instructions, and avoid stopping or changing the dosage without consulting your doctor. If you suspect a side effect of ciprofloxacin, consult your doctor immediately.

Comparison Among Studies

Commonalities Among Studies

Most studies show that ciprofloxacin is an effective antibiotic, while highlighting the risks of various side effects. Specifically, tendon rupture, nervous system disorders, and gastrointestinal disorders have been reported.

Differences Among Studies

The frequency and severity of side effects of ciprofloxacin, as well as the types of side effects that appear, vary depending on the studies. This is due to differences in study participants, research methods, and evaluation criteria. Additionally, some studies such as 13 and 5 attempt to develop new drug delivery systems to reduce the side effects of ciprofloxacin.

Precautions for Application in Real Life

Ciprofloxacin is an effective drug for treating infections when taken under appropriate guidance. However, it is important to understand the risks of side effects and take it as instructed by your doctor. Avoid stopping or changing the dosage without consulting your doctor. If you experience any abnormalities while taking it, consult your doctor immediately.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the side effects of ciprofloxacin is still insufficient. In particular, research on long-term side effects is lacking. Moreover, it is difficult to predict the incidence and severity of side effects in individual patients.

Future Research Directions

To better understand the side effects of ciprofloxacin, research on long-term side effects is necessary. Research is also needed to predict the incidence and severity of side effects in individual patients. Furthermore, developing new drug delivery systems and treatment methods to reduce the side effects of ciprofloxacin is also a crucial challenge.

Conclusion

Ciprofloxacin is an effective antibiotic, but it comes with the risk of various side effects. It is important to understand the risks of side effects and take ciprofloxacin as instructed by your doctor. If you experience any abnormalities while taking it, consult your doctor immediately.