Effects of clonazepam: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Clonazepam has shown potential benefits in treating various conditions, including acute mania ( 3 ), burning mouth syndrome ( 9 ), social phobia ( 4 ), temporomandibular disorder (TMD) ( 2 ), epilepsy ( 21 ), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) ( 12 ), panic disorder ( 23 ), hyperekplexia ( 24 ), diabetic neuropathy ( 17 ), and self-induced photoparoxysmal responses ( 11 ).

In acute mania ( 3 ), clonazepam showed significant improvement in manic symptoms compared to placebo, but not in psychotic symptoms. Clonazepam also tended to reduce the need for phenothiazine medications ( 3 ).

In burning mouth syndrome ( 9 ), clonazepam did not show a significant difference in pain reduction compared to amitriptyline.

In social phobia ( 4 ), clonazepam was significantly more effective than placebo.

In TMD ( 2 ), clonazepam was significantly more effective than placebo.

In epilepsy ( 21 ), clonazepam, when combined with valproate, was suggested to affect brain waves.

In RBD ( 12 ), clonazepam was suggested to affect non-REM sleep patterns.

In panic disorder ( 23 ), clonazepam significantly improved quality of life and work productivity compared to placebo.

In hyperekplexia ( 24 ), clonazepam significantly reduced startle responses compared to placebo.

In diabetic neuropathy ( 17 ), clonazepam, when combined with insulin, was suggested to protect against DNA damage in stressed diabetic rats.

In self-induced photoparoxysmal responses ( 11 ), clonazepam attenuated photoparoxysmal responses and significantly decreased blinking behavior.

Clonazepam can affect sleep quality ( 15 ), behavior ( 20 ), brain waves ( 1 ), and photoparoxysmal responses ( 11 ).

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

Clonazepam has shown potential benefits in treating various conditions, including acute mania, social phobia, TMD, panic disorder, and others. It also has the potential to reduce the need for other medications.

Risk Summary

Clonazepam can cause side effects such as sedation, drowsiness, and dependence. It should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It's crucial to follow your doctor's instructions when taking clonazepam.

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities

Many studies ( 3 )( 9 )( 4 )( 2 )( 21 )( 12 )( 23 )( 13 )( 24 )( 17 ) have suggested that clonazepam can be effective.

Differences

The effectiveness of clonazepam varies depending on the condition. For example, in acute mania ( 3 ), clonazepam was effective for manic symptoms but not for psychotic symptoms. In burning mouth syndrome ( 9 ), there was no significant difference between clonazepam and amitriptyline.

Consistency and Contradictions

The effects of clonazepam can vary across different studies. This could be due to differences in research methodology, study populations, or other factors. Some studies suggest clonazepam is effective for specific conditions, while others show no benefit.

Implications for Everyday Life

Clonazepam should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional. It's essential to be aware of its potential side effects, such as sedation and dependence, and to avoid its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on clonazepam is still limited. More studies are needed to understand its long-term effects and safety, as well as to compare its effectiveness to other treatments. Further research is also required to clarify why clonazepam’s effects vary among individuals.

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on examining the long-term effects and safety of clonazepam, comparing its effectiveness to other treatment options, and exploring the reasons for individual differences in its effects.

Conclusion

Clonazepam has shown potential benefits in treating various conditions. However, it is essential to be aware of its potential side effects and to use it only under the supervision of a healthcare professional. More research is needed to fully understand its long-term effects, safety, and the factors contributing to its variability in effectiveness.

Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
19
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
4
Article Type
6
0
0
1
24
1.

Effects of the anticonvulsant benzodiazepine clonazepam on event-related brain potentials in humans.

Author: RockstrohB, ElbertT, LutzenbergerW, AltenmüllerE

Increased reaction time
Reduced AEP amplitude
Reduced CNV
Reduced VEP amplitude

Clonazepam is a benzodiazepine that is used as an anticonvulsant. In a study of healthy human subjects, clonazepam significantly reduced the amplitude of the P100 component of the VEP and the amplitude of the N1 and P3 components of the AEP.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Administration of clonazepam in the treatment of TMD and associated myofascial pain: a double-blind pilot study.

Author: HarkinsS, LinfordJ, CohenJ, KramerT, CuevaL

Effective for temporomandibular disorder
Depression
Liver dysfunction

Low doses of clonazepam were found to be potentially effective in managing chronic intractable temporomandibular disorder/myofascial pain patients unresponsive to other therapies. However, long-term use requires caution due to potential side effects like depression and liver dysfunction.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Clonazepam in acute mania: a double blind trial.

Author: EdwardsR, StephensonU, FlewettT

Reduced manic symptoms
Sedation

Clonazepam showed significantly more improvement in manic symptoms compared to placebo in acutely manic patients, with a tendency to reduce the need for phenothiazine medication. Sedation-related side effects were more common in the clonazepam group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Treatment of social phobia with clonazepam and placebo.

Author: DavidsonJ R, PottsN, RichichiE, KrishnanR, FordS M, SmithR, WilsonW H

Improved social performance
Reduced social anxiety
Social phobia relief
Dizziness
Unsteadiness

Clonazepam was found to be superior to placebo in treating social phobia in a pilot study. Clonazepam resulted in significantly higher response rates and improvements in social anxiety, fear avoidance, interpersonal sensitivity, and disability measures. While generally well-tolerated, unsteadiness and dizziness were more common with clonazepam.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

6.

Therapeutic effects of clonazepam in patients with burning mouth syndrome and various symptoms or psychological conditions.

Author: ShinHyun-Il, BangJoo-In, KimGeun-Jeon, KimMi Ra, SunDong-Il, KimSang-Yeon

Burning mouth syndrome treatment

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is often accompanied by dysgeusia and xerostomia. This study investigated the therapeutic outcomes of clonazepam in BMS patients with various symptoms and comorbidities. It found that clonazepam significantly improved burning pain in BMS patients, particularly those with taste disturbances.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Clonazepam: Indications, Side Effects, and Potential for Nonmedical Use.

Author: Dokkedal-SilvaVinícius, BerroLaís Fernanda, GaldurózJosé Carlos Fernandes, TufikSergio, AndersenMonica Levy

Anxiety aggravation
Clonazepam misuse
Cognitive impairment
Dependence
Mood aggravation
Motor impairment
Sleep disorders
Tolerance

Clonazepam, a benzodiazepine used for anxiety and seizures, is frequently misused due to its low price and easy availability. This review highlights the behavioral and pharmacological aspects of clonazepam misuse and the potential for health problems associated with its nonmedical use.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

REM Sleep EEG Instability in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Clonazepam Effects.

Author: FerriRaffaele, RundoFrancesco, SilvaniAlessandro, ZucconiMarco, BruniOliviero, Ferini-StrambiLuigi, PlazziGiuseppe, ManconiMauro

Normalized EEG structure

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) structure changes found in the study disclose subtle but significant alterations in the cortical electrophysiology of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

10.

Effects of tramadol, clonazepam, and their combination on brain mitochondrial complexes.

Author: MohamedTarek Mostafa, GhaffarHamdy M Abdel, El HusseinyRabee M R

Apoptosis risk
Seizure risk
Tramadol abuse

This study evaluated the effects of tramadol and clonazepam on mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes in rats. Tramadol, at doses exceeding therapeutic levels, partially inhibited the activities of ETC complexes I, III, and IV, explaining its clinical and histopathological effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

Effects of clonazepam on self-induced photoparoxysmal responses.

Author: SaitoYoshiaki, MatsudaYuko, SugaiKenji, NakagawaEiji, IshiyamaAkihiko, SaitoTakashi, KomakiHiforumi, SasakiMasayuki, MiyataAkiko

Blinking reduction

A 5-year-old girl with daily episodes of repetitive blinking was found to have photoparoxysmal responses (PPR) on EEG, suggesting self-induction of PPR.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Effects of long-term use of clonazepam on nonrapid eye movement sleep patterns in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.

Author: FerriRaffaele, ZucconiMarco, MarelliSara, PlazziGiuseppe, SchenckCarlos H, Ferini-StrambiLuigi

We aim to analyze in detail the characteristics of nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in drug-free patients with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

An observational clinical and video-polysomnographic study of the effects of clonazepam in REM sleep behavior disorder.

Author: FerriRaffaele, MarelliSara, Ferini-StrambiLuigi, OldaniAlessandro, ColliFrancesca, SchenckCarlos H, ZucconiMarco

Clonazepam improves NREM sleep in RBD

Clonazepam treatment in REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) patients showed significant effects on non-REM sleep structure, including higher sleep efficiency and increased sleep stage 2.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Differential effects of alprazolam and clonazepam on the immune system and blood vessels of non-stressed and stressed adult male albino rats.

Author: ElmesallamyGhada E, AbassMarwa A, Ahmed RefatNahla A G, AttaAmal H

Anxiety treatment
Seizure treatment
Immune system suppression
Vascular damage

This study investigated the immunologic and vascular changes induced by sub-chronic administration of alprazolam and clonazepam in rats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Comparing effects of clonazepam and zolpidem on sleep quality of patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

Author: Dashti-KhavidakiSimin, ChamaniNastaran, KhaliliHossein, Hajhossein TalasazAzita, AhmadiFarokhlegha, Lessan-PezeshkiMahboob, GhaeliPadideh, DaliliShirin, AlimadadiAbbas

Sleep quality improvement
Physical dependence
Sleep apnea

This study compared the effects of zolpidem and clonazepam on sleep quality in hemodialysis patients.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Effects of insulin and clonazepam on DNA damage in diabetic rats submitted to the forced swimming test.

Author: WayhsCarlos Alberto Yasin, ManfrediniVanusa, SittaAngela, DeonMarion, RibasGraziela S, VanzinCamila S, BianciniGiovana B, NinMaurício S, BarrosHelena M T, VargasCarmen Regla

Protection against DNA damage

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased DNA damage in leukocytes, particularly in stressed animals. This study shows that insulin and clonazepam can protect against DNA damage in diabetic rats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Controlled clinical, polysomnographic and psychometric studies on differences between sleep bruxers and controls and acute effects of clonazepam as compared with placebo.

Author: SaletuAlexander, ParapaticsSilvia, AndererPeter, MatejkaMichael, SaletuBernd

Sleep bruxism treatment

Clonazepam effectively reduces sleep bruxism and improves sleep quality in middle-aged bruxers compared to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Misleading effects of clonazepam in symptomatic electrical status epilepticus during sleep syndrome.

Author: Bahi-BuissonNadia, SaviniRosanna, EisermannMonica, BulteauChristine, DulacOlivier, Hertz-PannierLucie, ChironCatherine

Epilepsy treatment
Misleading diagnosis

This report describes two children in whom clonazepam had no effect on cognitive and motor disorders associated with Electrical status epilepticus during sleep syndrome (ESES), but controlled spike activity, preventing a proper diagnosis. Withdrawal of clonazepam was accompanied by the recurrence of continuous spike-waves in slow sleep, permitting the diagnosis of ESES and appropriate therapeutic decisions.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

Brief report: clonazepam behavioral side effects with an individual with mental retardation.

Author: KalachnikJohn E, HanzelThomas E, SevenichRobert, HarderStuart R

Behavioral study
Behavioral side effects

This report describes an individual with mental retardation who experienced behavioral exacerbation associated with clonazepam. Reducing and discontinuing clonazepam significantly decreased the frequency of challenging behaviors.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of clonazepam in children with epilepsy treated with valproate: a preliminary study.

Author: WangLi, WangXiao-Dong

Quantitative pharmaco-EEG (QPEEG) is a promising technique for studying the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of anti-epileptic drugs, such as clonazepam (CZP).

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Gamma irradiation effects on stability of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres containing clonazepam.

Author: MontanariL, CilurzoF, ValvoL, FaucitanoA, ButtafavaA, GroppoA, GentaI, ContiB

Drug delivery

This study investigated the effects of gamma irradiation on the stability of microspheres containing clonazepam, a medication used to treat anxiety. Gamma irradiation was found to be effective in sterilizing the microspheres without significantly affecting the drug release.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

The effects of clonazepam on quality of life and work productivity in panic disorder.

Author: JacobsR J, DavidsonJ R, GuptaS, MeyerhoffA S

Improved QOL
Improved WP

Clinically titrated doses of clonazepam significantly improved mental health-related QOL and WP in panic disorder patients. Lesser improvements were obtained with placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

The effects of clonazepam and vigabatrin in hyperekplexia.

Author: TijssenM A, SchoemakerH C, EdelbroekP J, RoosR A, CohenA F, van DijkJ G

Reduced startle activity

Clonazepam, but not vigabatrin, was found to significantly reduce startle activity in patients with hyperekplexia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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