Key findings

Two studies evaluated the effectiveness and side effects of different analgesics in reducing pain after endoscopic urological surgery and cesarean section. 2 found that pipemidic acid was more effective than phenazopyridine hydrochloride and sodium diclofenac in relieving pain after endoscopic urological surgery. 1 investigated paracetamol, diclofenac, or the combination for pain relief after cesarean section. The combination of diclofenac and paracetamol was found to reduce morphine use compared to paracetamol alone.

Reasons for Side Effects

Analgesics, by their nature, work by suppressing the function of nerves that sense pain. This suppression of nerve activity can also impact other organs like the digestive system and heart, potentially causing side effects.

Common Side Effects

Gastrointestinal System

2 mentioned that sodium diclofenac might cause gastrointestinal issues. These include stomach pain, nausea, and indigestion. 1 also reported side effects such as stomach pain and indigestion when diclofenac was administered alone or in combination with paracetamol. These side effects are believed to be caused by the medication irritating the stomach lining. Furthermore, 1 did not report side effects like stomach pain or indigestion when paracetamol was used alone.

Liver

Sodium diclofenac could put a strain on the liver. 2 reported that administering sodium diclofenac might lead to elevated liver function values. If liver function values increase, there might be liver abnormalities. Therefore, regular checks of liver function values are crucial when taking sodium diclofenac.

Kidney

Sodium diclofenac can burden the kidneys. 2 reported that administering sodium diclofenac might cause decreased kidney function values. If kidney function values decline, there might be kidney abnormalities. Therefore, regular checks of kidney function values are crucial when taking sodium diclofenac.

Others

2 mentioned that phenazopyridine hydrochloride can turn urine orange. Dizziness, nausea, and headaches were also reported as side effects.

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Gastrointestinal System

To prevent gastrointestinal issues, maintain a regular eating schedule and avoid taking the medication on an empty stomach. Using antacids when needed can also be beneficial.

Liver

To detect liver abnormalities early, undergo regular blood tests.

Kidney

To detect kidney abnormalities early, undergo regular blood tests. Staying hydrated and monitoring urine output changes are also important.

Others

If your urine turns orange, consult your doctor. Additionally, if you experience dizziness, nausea, or headaches, stop taking the medication and consult your doctor.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities of the Studies

Both studies employed a double-blind randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and side effects of analgesics. They both aimed to alleviate postoperative pain.

Differences Between the Studies

The two studies differed in the types of surgery and analgesics used. 2 used pipemidic acid, phenazopyridine hydrochloride, and sodium diclofenac to reduce pain after endoscopic urological surgery. In contrast, 1 used paracetamol, diclofenac, or the combination to reduce pain after cesarean section. 1 evaluated morphine use, while 2 did not evaluate morphine use.

Precautions for Application in Real Life

These research findings suggest that analgesics like diclofenac and paracetamol are effective for alleviating postoperative pain. However, these medications can have side effects on the digestive system, liver, and kidneys. Therefore, when taking analgesics, it is crucial to follow your doctor's instructions carefully and be aware of potential side effects. Self-adjusting the dosage or stopping medication without consulting your doctor is dangerous. If you have concerns about pain or side effects, consult your doctor immediately.

Limitations of Current Research

These studies were conducted on a relatively small number of patients, and their results may not apply to everyone. Long-term side effects require further investigation.

Future Research Directions

Larger clinical trials are needed to more thoroughly investigate the effectiveness and side effects of various analgesics. Research should also be conducted on the long-term impact of analgesics and their efficacy and side effects in specific patient populations.

Conclusion

These studies indicate that analgesics are helpful in reducing postoperative pain, but it is important to be mindful of potential side effects. Follow your doctor's instructions meticulously when taking analgesics, and consult your doctor promptly if you experience any side effects. The development of safer and more effective analgesics is eagerly anticipated in the future.