Side Effects of fluoride: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Side Effects of fluoride: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

This analysis is based on research papers included in PubMed, but medical research is constantly evolving and may not fully reflect the latest findings. There may also be biases towards certain research areas.

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Fluoride is generally beneficial for dental health, but excessive intake or improper use can lead to various side effects. These side effects include hypothyroidism reported in 28 , skeletal fluorosis reported in 24 , and allergic reactions reported in 15 .

Regarding the use of fluoride-containing toothpaste, 20 suggests that using the recommended amount can reduce the risk of dental fluorosis.

Regarding the use of fluoride-containing mouthwash, 10 suggests that it can effectively reduce dentin hypersensitivity.

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of fluoride depend on the amount and method of use. Excessive intake or improper use can accumulate in body tissues and cause various problems.

Common Side Effects

Dental fluorosis

Dental fluorosis is a dental disease caused by excessive fluoride intake. White spots or dot-like discoloration may appear on the surface of the teeth. 24

Skeletal fluorosis

Skeletal fluorosis is a bone disease caused by excessive fluoride intake. Symptoms such as bone pain, joint stiffness, and decreased mobility may occur. 24

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a condition caused by reduced thyroid hormone secretion. Fluoride can inhibit thyroid function and may cause hypothyroidism. 28

Allergic reactions

Fluoride can cause allergic reactions in some people. Symptoms such as skin rash, difficulty breathing, and anaphylactic shock may occur. 15

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Dental fluorosis

To prevent dental fluorosis, it is important to properly manage your fluoride intake. Regarding the use of fluoride-containing toothpaste, 20 suggests using the recommended amount.

Skeletal fluorosis

To prevent skeletal fluorosis, it is important to properly manage your fluoride intake. Regarding the consumption of fluoride-containing drinking water, check the water quality information in your area and take appropriate measures if necessary.

Hypothyroidism

To prevent hypothyroidism, it is important to properly manage your fluoride intake. Adjust your intake of fluoride-containing foods, or consult a doctor if necessary.

Allergic reactions

If you are allergic to fluoride, avoid using products containing fluoride. Consult your doctor before using fluoride-containing toothpaste or mouthwash.

Comparison between Studies

Common Points in Studies

Many studies have shown that fluoride is beneficial for dental health. However, it has also been shown that excessive intake or improper use can cause various side effects.

Differences in Studies

Studies on the side effects of fluoride vary in results because of differences in target age groups and sources of fluoride intake. For example, 20 conducted a study on the use of fluoride-containing toothpaste, while 24 conducted a study on the consumption of fluoride-containing drinking water.

Precautions for Applying to Real Life

Fluoride is beneficial for dental health, but excessive intake or improper use can cause various side effects. When using fluoride-containing products, carefully read the product description, follow the instructions for use, and consult your doctor if necessary.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the side effects of fluoride is still insufficient. Further research is needed.

Future Research Directions

Research on the side effects of fluoride needs to include studies on various age groups and sources of fluoride intake. In addition, further research is needed on the long-term effects of fluoride.

Conclusion

Fluoride is beneficial for dental health, but excessive intake or improper use can cause various side effects. When using fluoride-containing products, carefully read the product description, follow the instructions for use, and consult your doctor if necessary.

Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
24
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
2
Article Type
5
1
1
5
27
1.

Treatment of perennial rhinitis with flunisolide corticosteroid spray.

Author: JonesL M, SpectorS L, EnglishG M, Taylor-DawsonK

Reduced eosinophils
Candida infection

Flunisolide nasal spray was not significantly different from placebo in treating perennial rhinitis. Both groups showed a decrease in eosinophils on nasal smears.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Flunisolide--a new intranasal steroid for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

Author: SahayJ N, ChatterjeeS S, EnglerC

Improved everyday life
Improved sleep quality
Relieved nasal obstruction
Relieved sneezing
Minor side effects

A study of 50 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis found that flunisolide nasal spray (200 micrograms daily) was significantly more effective than a placebo in reducing symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, post-nasal drip, and improving sleep and daily life. Both patients and doctors preferred the flunisolide spray. Minor side effects were reported during both placebo and flunisolide phases, and no evidence of adrenal suppression was observed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Flunisolide nasal spray for perennial rhinitis in children.

Author: SarsfieldJ K, ThomsonG E

Effective rhinitis treatment
No adrenal axis effect
Safe for children
Nasal stinging

A study of 27 children with perennial rhinitis found that flunisolide nasal spray was significantly more effective than a placebo in relieving symptoms. Patients, doctors, and diary card assessments all favored flunisolide. The most common side effect was temporary nasal stinging. Flunisolide treatment was safe and did not affect the pituitary-adrenal axis. The study concluded that flunisolide is a safe and effective treatment for perennial rhinitis in children.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

A comparative trial testing budesonide and flunisolide nasal sprays in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Author: PipkornU, GeterudA

Effective for rhinitis
Nasal irritation

Both budesonide and flunisolide nasal sprays were effective in controlling nasal symptoms in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. However, flunisolide was associated with a higher incidence of nasal irritation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Short-term efficacy trial and twenty-four-month follow-up of flunisolide nasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis.

Author: ClaytonD E, KooistraJ B, GellerM, OuelletteJ, CohenM, ReedC E, BusseW

No adrenal suppression
Safe and effective

Flunisolide nasal spray was found to be safe and effective in treating perennial rhinitis. No serious side effects were observed over a two-year follow-up period.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

7.

Ingredients in Commercially Available Mouthwashes: A Review.

Author: YaziciogluOktay, UcuncuMusa Kazim, GuvenKerem

Dental hygiene
Side effects

This study reviewed the composition of mouthwashes available in Turkey and evaluated their prevalence and potential side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Analysis of Fluoride-Free Content on Twitter: Topic Modeling Study.

Author: LottoMatheus, Zakir HussainIrfhana, KaurJasleen, ButtZahid Ahmad, CruvinelThiago, MoritaPlinio P

Misinformation detection
Social factor analysis
Misinformation spread

This study investigated misinformation about fluoride on Twitter. The study found that the term "fluoride-free" was frequently associated with antifluoridation interests, suggesting that social media can be a valuable tool for understanding the social factors that contribute to the spread of misinformation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

The Safety of Fluoride Compounds and Their Effect on the Human Body-A Narrative Review.

Author: LubojanskiAdam, Piesiak-PanczyszynDagmara, ZakrzewskiWojciech, DobrzynskiWojciech, SzymonowiczMaria, RybakZbigniew, MielanBartosz, WigluszRafal J, WatrasAdam, DobrzynskiMaciej

Bone health
Dental health
Acute poisoning
Chronic poisoning

Fluoride is an element found in many everyday products, but it can be toxic to the body if ingested in large quantities. Fluoride has both positive and negative effects, depending on the dosage. While it helps with dental health, it can cause acute and chronic poisoning. To avoid negative consequences, it's essential to discuss fluoride intake with a medical professional.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

10.

Clinical Efficacy of Mouthwashes with Potassium Salts in the Treatment of Dentinal Hypersensitivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Author: da SilvaArj, Deschamps MunizR P, Almeida LagoM C, da Silva JúniorE P, BrazR

DH treatment
Mouthwash safety

The daily use of mouthwashes containing potassium salt is effective in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity, as a complementary step to brushing at least twice a day for two weeks, four weeks, and up to eight weeks, without presenting side effects.

Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Characterization of False or Misleading Fluoride Content on Instagram: Infodemiology Study.

Author: LottoMatheus, Sá MenezesTamires, Zakir HussainIrfhana, TsaoShu-Feng, Ahmad ButtZahid, P MoritaPlinio, CruvinelThiago

Misinformation

False or misleading fluoride-related content on Instagram was predominantly produced by regular users motivated by social, psychological, and/or financial interests. Higher engagement metrics were associated with political misinformation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes-What Is Inside and What Is It For?

Author: RadzkiDominik, Wilhelm-WęglarzMarta, PruskaKatarzyna, KusiakAida, Ordyniec-KwaśnicaIwona

Oral hygiene
Side effects

Mouthwashes are a popular oral hygiene product, but their compositions and effectiveness are not always well-understood. This study investigated the compositions of mouthwashes available in Poland and discussed their effectiveness in preventing and curing oral diseases.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

Evaluation of ICCMS versus CAMBRA Caries Risk Assessment Models Acquisition on Treatment Plan in Young Adult Population: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Author: KhallafYomna Sayed, HafezShereen, ShaalanOmar Osama

Caries prevention

ICCMS and CAMBRA models are equivalent in preventing new decay. ICCMS is simpler but less comprehensive, while CAMBRA is more comprehensive but may have side effects.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.

Language : English

21.

Defluoridation of drinking water by magnesium and aluminum electrocoagulation in continuous flow-rate: a response surface design.

Author: Sierra-SánchezAna Gabriela, Martínez-MirandaVerónica, Teutli-SequeiraElia Alejandra, Linares-HernándezIvonne, Vázquez-MejíaGuadalupe, Castañeda-JuárezMonserrat

Energy savings
Fluoride removal
Reduced aluminum

Electrocoagulation is an effective method for defluoridation of drinking water. The AlMg/AlMg system achieved acceptable fluoride removal (<1.5 mg L-1) at high and low concentrations in short periods, saving energy costs and avoiding residual aluminum side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Desilylation Induced by Metal Fluoride Nanocrystals Enables Cleavage Chemistry In Vivo.

Author: DuanDongban, DongHao, TuZhiyu, WangChunhong, FuQunfeng, ChenJunyi, ZhongHaipeng, DuPing, SunLing-Dong, LiuZhibo

Controlled drug release
Metal ion release

Metal fluoride nanocrystals are used in biomedical research. They release small amounts of fluoride which can be used to activate drug molecules. This study showed that fluoride released from CaF<sub>2</sub> nanocrystals could activate a prodrug of MMAE, leading to a strong anti-cancer effect with minimal side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Fluoride in Drinking Water and Skeletal Fluorosis: a Review of the Global Impact.

Author: SrivastavaSakshi, FloraS J S

Dental caries prevention
Fluorosis

Fluoride is an essential trace element that can be toxic in excessive amounts. This review focuses on skeletal fluorosis, a condition caused by excessive fluoride intake, and the role of oxidative stress in its development. The review also discusses fluoride mitigation strategies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

25.

Antierosive Effect of Topical Fluorides: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of <i>In Situ</i> Studies.

Author: AbdelwahedAhmed Gamal, TemirekMarwa Mohamed, HassanFayez Mohamed

Erosive tooth wear prevention

This systematic review assessed in situ studies investigating the effects of using topical fluorides on prevention of erosive tooth wear.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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