Side Effects of fosfomycin: A Synthesis of Findings from 29 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Fosfomycin is gaining attention as a potential treatment option for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 25 found that the combination of fosfomycin and imipenem was effective in treating MRSA infective endocarditis and complicated bacteremia. Additionally, 26 reported that combining fosfomycin and teicoplanin was effective against vertebral osteomyelitis caused by vancomycin-tolerant MRSA. 19 suggested that oral fosfomycin-trometamol could be a viable treatment option for catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). However, 15 indicated that fosfomycin might lead to acidosis and sodium overload in pregnant women in Indonesia, potentially affecting the health of newborns.

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of fosfomycin could arise from how the drug is metabolized in the body or how it interacts with the target bacterial cells. Fosfomycin works by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, inhibiting bacterial growth. This mechanism of action differs from other antibiotics, which can lead to unique side effects associated with fosfomycin.

Common Side Effects

Diarrhea

Fosfomycin can disrupt the balance of gut microbiota, potentially leading to diarrhea. 26 and 15 reported cases of diarrhea in their studies.

Hypernatremia

Fosfomycin may increase sodium levels in the body. 11 observed an increase in sodium levels in neonates after fosfomycin administration. 9 found that hypernatremia occurred in 33.33% of critically ill patients.

Hypokalemia

Fosfomycin may decrease potassium levels in the body. 9 reported a 28.57% incidence of hypokalemia among critically ill patients.

Pseudomembranous Colitis

6 documented a case of pseudomembranous colitis following fosfomycin treatment.

Liver Dysfunction

6 reported cases of liver dysfunction after fosfomycin administration.

Skin Disorders

6 documented cases of skin disorders after fosfomycin treatment.

Side Effects Management

Diarrhea

If diarrhea occurs, ensure adequate hydration and consult a physician. If necessary, antidiarrheal medications may be prescribed.

Hypernatremia

Seek medical attention according to the doctor's instructions if hypernatremia occurs.

Hypokalemia

Seek medical attention according to the doctor's instructions if hypokalemia occurs.

Pseudomembranous Colitis

If pseudomembranous colitis is suspected, consult a doctor immediately. Appropriate treatment is necessary.

Liver Dysfunction

If liver dysfunction is suspected, consult a doctor immediately. Appropriate treatment is necessary.

Skin Disorders

Consult a doctor if skin disorders develop.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities

Many studies have shown that fosfomycin is effective against multidrug-resistant bacteria, including MRSA.

Differences

The incidence and types of side effects can vary depending on the administration method, the drugs used in combination, and the patient population studied. It is crucial to interpret the findings of each study carefully.

Caution in Real-Life Application

While fosfomycin holds promise as an effective option for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria, it's essential to consider the risk of side effects. Particular caution is required for pregnant women, newborns, and patients with impaired kidney or liver function. It is crucial to follow the doctor's instructions and carefully monitor for any side effects when using fosfomycin.

Current Research Limitations

There is still insufficient research on fosfomycin. Data on long-term side effects and safety are limited. Research on combination therapies involving fosfomycin is also scarce.

Future Research Directions

Further studies are needed on the long-term side effects and safety of fosfomycin, combination therapies involving fosfomycin, and new indications for its use. These studies could help ensure the safe and effective use of fosfomycin.

Conclusion

Fosfomycin shows potential as a viable option for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, but it is crucial to be aware of the risk of side effects. Always follow your doctor's instructions and carefully monitor for any side effects when using fosfomycin. With ongoing research, we can expect to see the safe and effective use of fosfomycin expand in the future.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Reduced eosinophils
1
Improved everyday life
Improved sleep quality
Relieved nasal obstruction
Relieved sneezing
2
Effective rhinitis treatment
No adrenal axis effect
Safe for children
3
Effective for rhinitis
4
No adrenal suppression
Safe and effective
5
Treats infections
6
Safe for inner ear
7
Bacterial infection treatment
8
Multidrug-resistant infection treatment
9
MDR infection treatment
XDR infection treatment
10
Neonatal sepsis treatment
11
Ulcerative colitis
12
Sepsis treatment
13
Effective for uUTI
14
UTI treatment
15
Effective treatment for CBP
Treatment for ESBL strains
16
Effective cystitis treatment
Safe cystitis treatment
17
Reduced treatment cost
18
Urinary tract infection treatment
19
Antibiotic treatment
20
MDR infection treatment
21
Fosfomycin efficacy
22
Fewer side effects
Lower infection risk
Lower severe infection risk
23
Chronic bacterial prostatitis treatment
24
MRSA infection treatment
25
Treat MRSA
26
Antibiotic safety monitoring
27
UTI treatment update
28
UTI treatment
29
Risk Keywords
Candida infection
1
Minor side effects
2
Nasal stinging
3
Nasal irritation
4
Gastrointestinal disturbances
Liver and bile duct disorders
Melena
Pseudomembranous colitis
Skin and adnexa damage
6
Hearing loss at high frequency
7
Agranulocytosis risk
8
Hypernatremia
Hypokalemia
9
Electrolyte disturbances
Gastrointestinal symptoms
10
Adverse events
11
Adverse events
12
None mentioned
13
Side effects
14
Diarrhea
Fever
15
Few side effects
16
None
17
Indwelling urinary catheters
19
Antibiotic resistance
20
None mentioned
21
Antimicrobial resistance
22
None mentioned
23
Diarrhea
Hypernatremia
26
Antibiotic adverse events
27
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic side effects
28
Literature analysis of 29 papers
Positive Content
28
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
6
1
2
3
29
1.

Treatment of perennial rhinitis with flunisolide corticosteroid spray.

Author: JonesL M, SpectorS L, EnglishG M, Taylor-DawsonK

Reduced eosinophils
Candida infection

Flunisolide nasal spray was not significantly different from placebo in treating perennial rhinitis. Both groups showed a decrease in eosinophils on nasal smears.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Flunisolide--a new intranasal steroid for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

Author: SahayJ N, ChatterjeeS S, EnglerC

Improved everyday life
Improved sleep quality
Relieved nasal obstruction
Relieved sneezing
Minor side effects

A study of 50 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis found that flunisolide nasal spray (200 micrograms daily) was significantly more effective than a placebo in reducing symptoms of sneezing, nasal congestion, post-nasal drip, and improving sleep and daily life. Both patients and doctors preferred the flunisolide spray. Minor side effects were reported during both placebo and flunisolide phases, and no evidence of adrenal suppression was observed.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Flunisolide nasal spray for perennial rhinitis in children.

Author: SarsfieldJ K, ThomsonG E

Effective rhinitis treatment
No adrenal axis effect
Safe for children
Nasal stinging

A study of 27 children with perennial rhinitis found that flunisolide nasal spray was significantly more effective than a placebo in relieving symptoms. Patients, doctors, and diary card assessments all favored flunisolide. The most common side effect was temporary nasal stinging. Flunisolide treatment was safe and did not affect the pituitary-adrenal axis. The study concluded that flunisolide is a safe and effective treatment for perennial rhinitis in children.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

A comparative trial testing budesonide and flunisolide nasal sprays in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Author: PipkornU, GeterudA

Effective for rhinitis
Nasal irritation

Both budesonide and flunisolide nasal sprays were effective in controlling nasal symptoms in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. However, flunisolide was associated with a higher incidence of nasal irritation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Short-term efficacy trial and twenty-four-month follow-up of flunisolide nasal spray in the treatment of perennial rhinitis.

Author: ClaytonD E, KooistraJ B, GellerM, OuelletteJ, CohenM, ReedC E, BusseW

No adrenal suppression
Safe and effective

Flunisolide nasal spray was found to be safe and effective in treating perennial rhinitis. No serious side effects were observed over a two-year follow-up period.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

7.

Side effects of repeated ototopical application of fosfomycin. An animal study.

Author: ClaesJ, Van de HeyningP H, CretenW, Van HoofM

Safe for inner ear
Hearing loss at high frequency

Fosfomycin, used to treat ear infections, did not cause significant hearing loss in guinea pigs. However, at 32 kHz, hearing levels were worse in the fosfomycin group than the saline group.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Fosfomycin-induced agranulocytosis: a case report and review of the literature.

Author: MatusikElodie, DemanetJulien, AlvesIsabelle, ToneAlina, EttaharNicolas, LemtiriJustine, PoteyCamille, GautierSophie, LambiotteFabien, GaboriauLouise

Bacterial infection treatment
Agranulocytosis risk

A case report describes a 45-year-old woman who developed agranulocytosis following intravenous fosfomycin treatment for post-surgical meningitis. This is the third case report of fosfomycin-induced agranulocytosis. While the summary of product characteristics mentions only a few cases of transient neutropenia and agranulocytosis, an analysis of the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System Database suggests a higher frequency of agranulocytosis in patients treated with fosfomycin. This case highlights the importance of awareness and vigilance regarding this rare but potentially fatal side effect.

ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

The Use of Intravenous Fosfomycin in Clinical Practice: A 5-Year Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Hospital in Italy.

Author: AnastasiaAntonio, BonuraSilvia, RubinoRaffaella, GiammancoGiovanni Maurizio, MiccichèIrene, Di PaceMaria Rita, ColombaClaudia, CascioAntonio

MDR infection treatment
XDR infection treatment
Electrolyte disturbances
Gastrointestinal symptoms

This retrospective study evaluated the use of intravenous fosfomycin in patients admitted to the Polyclinic of Palermo. Fosfomycin was found to be a safe and effective therapeutic option for infections with multidrug-resistant microorganisms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

Randomised controlled trial of fosfomycin in neonatal sepsis: pharmacokinetics and safety in relation to sodium overload.

Author: ObieroChristina W, WilliamsPhoebe, MurungaSheila, ThitiriJohnstone, OmolloRaymond, WalkerAnn Sarah, EgondiThaddaeus, NyaokeBorna, CorreiaErika, KaneZoe, GastineSilke, KipperKarin, StandingJoseph F, EllisSally, SharlandMike, BerkleyJames Alexander,

Neonatal sepsis treatment
Adverse events

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the pharmacokinetics, sodium levels, and adverse events (AEs) associated with fosfomycin in neonates with sepsis. The study found that fosfomycin did not significantly affect serum sodium levels or cause gastrointestinal side effects. Fosfomycin showed potential as an affordable treatment for neonatal sepsis, with a simple dosing schedule. However, more research is needed on its safety in larger cohorts.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

The protective role of fosfomycin in lung injury due to oxidative stress and inflammation caused by sepsis.

Author: YildizIlknur Esen, TopcuAtilla, BahceciIlkay, ArpaMedeni, TumkayaLevent, MercantepeTolga, BatcikSule, YildizYasin

Sepsis treatment
None mentioned

Fosfomycin, an antibiotic, shows potential for treating sepsis, as it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

The Clinical Efficacy of Nitrofurantoin for Treating Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials.

Author: PorrecaAngelo, D'AgostinoDaniele, RomagnoliDaniele, Del GiudiceFrancesco, MaggiMartina, PalmerKatie, FalabellaRoberto, De BerardinisEttore, SciarraAlessandro, FerroMatteo, ArtibaniWalter, MironeVincenzo, BusettoGian Maria

Effective for uUTI
Side effects

This systematic review of randomized control trials (RCTs) investigated the clinical and microbiological efficacy of nitrofurantoin compared to other antibiotics or placebo for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTI). It also assessed whether nitrofurantoin use was associated with increased side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

15.

Urinary Tract Infections among Indonesian Pregnant Women and Its Susceptibility Pattern.

Author: RosanaYeva, OcviyantiDwiana, HalimMelissa, HarlindaFriza Yossy, AmranRahmah, AkbarWafridha, BillyMatthew, AkhmadSyadza Rhizky Putri

UTI treatment
Diarrhea
Fever

Asymptomatic bacteriuria was found in 10.5% of 715 pregnant women. Fosfomycin-trometamol single-dose sachets were effective in treating urinary tract infections, with 100% susceptibility observed in *E. coli*, including ESBL-producing strains.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

A cost-minimization analysis of treatment options for postmenopausal women with dysuria.

Author: BradleyMegan S, BeigiRichard H, ShepherdJonathan P

Reduced treatment cost

Empiric antibiotics with nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, followed by waiting on culture results, was the least costly strategy for the treatment of postmenopausal women with dysuria.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

19.

The use of oral fosfomycin-trometamol in patients with catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI): new indications for an old antibiotic?

Author: CaiTommaso, CocciAndrea, VerzePaolo, RizzoMichele, PalmieriAlessandro, LiguoriGiovanni, TrombettaCarlo, AdembriChiara, CariniMarco, BartolettiRiccardo, WagenlehnerFlorian M, BonkatGernot, MironeVincenzo, Bjerklund JohansenTruls E, NovelliAndrea

Urinary tract infection treatment
Indwelling urinary catheters

Fosfomycin trometamol was effective in treating difficult-to-treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) associated with indwelling urinary catheters (CAUTIs).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

20.

Consecutive antibiotic use in the outpatient setting: an extensive, longitudinal descriptive analysis of antibiotic dispensing data in the Netherlands.

Author: de JongLoek A W, van der LindenPaul D, RoukensMonique M B, van de GardeEwoudt M W, van der VeldenAlike W, NatschStephanie,

Antibiotic treatment
Antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic switch patterns are not well understood, especially in the outpatient setting. This study aimed to evaluate antibiotic switching in the Netherlands.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

Fosfomycin in severe infections due to genetically distinct pan-drug-resistant Gram-negative microorganisms: synergy with meropenem.

Author: Perdigão NetoLauro Vieira, OliveiraMaura S, MartinsRoberta Cristina Ruedas, MarchiAna Paula, GauderetoJuliana Januário, da CostaLucianna Auxi Teixeira Josino, de LimaLia Fernandes Alves, TakedaChristianne Fernandes Valente, CostaSilvia F, LevinAnna S

MDR infection treatment
None mentioned

Fosfomycin is a promising antibiotic for treating infections caused by multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. This case series reports successful treatment of severe infections caused by pan-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria with fosfomycin.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

23.

Comparison of fosfomycin against fluoroquinolones for transrectal prostate biopsy prophylaxis: an individual patient-data meta-analysis.

Author: RobertsMatthew J, ScottSusan, HarrisPatrick N, NaberKurt, WagenlehnerFlorian M E, DoiSuhail A R

Fewer side effects
Lower infection risk
Lower severe infection risk
None mentioned

Fosfomycin trometamol prophylaxis is more effective than fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in preventing infections following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

24.

Long-Term Fosfomycin-Tromethamine Oral Therapy for Difficult-To-Treat Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis.

Author: Los-ArcosIbai, PigrauCarles, Rodríguez-PardoDolors, Fernández-HidalgoNuria, AndreuAntonia, LarrosaNieves, AlmiranteBenito

Chronic bacterial prostatitis treatment

This retrospective study investigated the effectiveness of fosfomycin-tromethamine in treating difficult-to-treat chronic bacterial prostatitis infections, including those caused by multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (MDRE).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

25.

Efficacy and safety of fosfomycin plus imipenem as rescue therapy for complicated bacteremia and endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a multicenter clinical trial.

Author: del RíoAna, GaschOriol, MorenoAsunción, PeñaCarmen, CuquetJordi, SoyDolors, MestresCarlos A, SuárezCristina, PareJuan C, TubauFe, Garcia de la MàriaCristina, MarcoFrancesc, CarratalàJordi, GatellJosé M, GudiolFrancisco, MiróJosé M,

MRSA infection treatment

This study evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of fosfomycin and imipenem in treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infective endocarditis and complicated bacteremia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Vertebral osteomyelitis caused by vancomycin-tolerant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Experience with teicoplanin plus fosfomycin combination therapy.

Author: LeeWen-Sen, ChenYen-Chuo, ChenHung-Ping, ChenTso-Hsiao, ChengChung-Yi

Treat MRSA
Diarrhea
Hypernatremia

This case report describes an 85-year-old woman with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia despite vancomycin or teicoplanin therapy. After failing glycopeptide monotherapy, she was treated with a combination of fosfomycin and teicoplanin, resulting in improved clinical response. The report suggests that fosfomycin combined with a glycopeptide may be an alternative treatment for refractory MRSA infections.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

27.

Antibiotics-related adverse events in the infectious diseases department of a French teaching hospital: a prospective study.

Author: CourjonJ, PulciniC, CuaE, RissoK, GuillouetF, BernardE, RogerP-M

Antibiotic safety monitoring
Antibiotic adverse events

Antibiotics are a significant cause of adverse events in hospitalized patients. The study assessed the incidence and type of adverse events in the infectious diseases department of a French tertiary-care hospital.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

28.

Uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

Author: WagenlehnerFlorian M E, HoymeUdo, KaaseMartin, FünfstückReinhard, NaberKurt G, SchmiemannGuido

UTI treatment update
Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotic side effects

New S3 guidelines for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) recommend a reevaluation of treatment recommendations due to rising antibiotic resistance and ecological adverse effects of antibiotics.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

29.

[National S3 guideline on uncomplicated urinary tract infection: recommendations for treatment and management of uncomplicated community-acquired bacterial urinary tract infections in adult patients].

Author: WagenlehnerF M E, SchmiemannG, HoymeU, FünfstückR, Hummers-PradierE, KaaseM, KniehlE, SelbachI, SesterU, VahlensieckW, WatermannD, NaberK G

UTI treatment

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common, but increasing antibiotic resistance and the potential negative side effects of antibiotics have led to a need for updated treatment guidelines for uncomplicated UTIs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : German

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