Main Research Findings

The Glucagon Stimulation Test (GST) is a reliable method for assessing growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion, though it takes more time than other methods. 1 , 2 It's generally considered safe, but there are some mild side effects and potential risks. 1 , 2 In elderly individuals, the presence of underlying health conditions might increase the risk associated with the GST. 2 However, the GST has been found to be well-tolerated in infants aged 0.5 to 12 months. 3 Additionally, an oral glucose load was found to be as effective as glucagon injection in testing beta cell function, with the added benefit of being free from the unpleasant side effects often associated with glucagon, such as nausea, vomiting, and fainting. 4

Reasons for Side Effects

The GST involves administering glucagon, a hormone that stimulates the release of GH and ACTH. Glucagon acts on the liver to increase blood glucose levels, which can lead to rapid fluctuations in blood sugar and increased insulin secretion. 3 Additionally, glucagon has a suppressive effect on gastrointestinal motility, potentially causing side effects like nausea and vomiting. 4 In older adults, underlying health conditions can increase the risks associated with the GST. 2

Common Side Effects

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia can occur during the GST, primarily because glucagon increases blood glucose levels and a subsequent decrease in blood sugar can lead to hypoglycemia. 3

Nausea

Glucagon can suppress gastrointestinal motility, potentially leading to nausea and vomiting. 4

Vomiting

Glucagon can suppress gastrointestinal motility, potentially leading to nausea and vomiting. 4

Dizziness

Glucagon may lower blood pressure, potentially causing dizziness. 4

Sweating

Glucagon can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, potentially causing sweating. 4

Side Effect Management

Hypoglycemia Management

If hypoglycemia occurs, consuming glucose can help correct the condition. 3 It's advisable to carry glucose for hypoglycemia management before undergoing the GST.

Nausea Management

If nausea or vomiting occurs, the GST should be stopped and medical attention should be sought. 4

Comparison Between Studies

Similarities

The studies agree that the GST is a reliable method for assessing growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. 1 , 2 They also agree that the GST is generally considered safe. 1 , 2

Differences

The studies exhibit some differences in their findings regarding side effects associated with the GST. 1 , 2 Some studies suggest that side effects related to the GST are mild. 2 However, other studies have reported side effects such as hypoglycemia. 3 These discrepancies may be due to factors such as the age and health status of the study participants, and the dosage of glucagon administered. 3 , 4

Considerations for Real-Life Application

The GST should be performed under the guidance of a physician to assess GH and ACTH secretion. 1 , 2 It is crucial to inform your doctor about your health condition and any medications you are taking before undergoing the GST. 1 , 2 For elderly individuals or those with pre-existing conditions, consulting a doctor to determine if the GST is appropriate is essential. 2

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the GST is still limited. Further research is needed, especially regarding the long-term effects of the GST and its impact on specific populations. 1 , 2

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on conducting more detailed investigations into the long-term effects of the GST and its impact on specific populations. 1 , 2 It is also important to develop new methods to enhance the safety and effectiveness of the GST. 1 , 2

Conclusion

The Glucagon Stimulation Test is a reliable method for assessing growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion, but it comes with a risk of side effects. 1 , 2 It is crucial to consult with your doctor and inform them about your health condition and any medications you are taking before undergoing the GST. 1 , 2 Especially for elderly individuals or those with pre-existing conditions, careful consideration is necessary. 2