Side Effects of ibuprofen: A Synthesis of Findings from 8 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Ibuprofen is a widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is available over-the-counter. While it is effective in treating pain and inflammation, several studies have reported potential side effects associated with its use. , 7 ,

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of ibuprofen are primarily attributed to its mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including protecting the stomach lining, regulating blood clotting, and modulating inflammation. By blocking prostaglandin synthesis, ibuprofen can lead to adverse effects in these areas. 3 ,

Common Side Effects

Gastrointestinal

Ibuprofen is known to cause gastrointestinal side effects, such as stomach pain, indigestion, nausea, dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation, and peptic ulcers. , These effects are primarily due to the inhibition of prostaglandins that protect the stomach lining.

Skin

Ibuprofen can trigger allergic skin reactions, including rash, itching, and eczema. In severe cases, it can lead to serious skin conditions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Kidney

Ibuprofen can potentially impair kidney function, particularly in individuals with pre-existing kidney problems, dehydration, or the elderly. 4

Liver

Liver function may also be affected by ibuprofen, especially in those with compromised liver function or those who consume excessive alcohol.

Eye

Ibuprofen can cause eye-related side effects, including eye pain and vision loss. These effects are believed to arise from ibuprofen's impact on eye tissues.

Other

Other potential side effects of ibuprofen include dizziness, headache, tinnitus, shortness of breath, and increased risk of bleeding due to its platelet aggregation-inhibiting properties.

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Gastrointestinal

To minimize gastrointestinal side effects, it's recommended to take ibuprofen with meals or in conjunction with a gastric mucosal protectant. Reducing the ibuprofen dosage can also be beneficial.

Skin

If you experience skin side effects, immediately discontinue ibuprofen and consult your doctor. In case of severe skin reactions, seek medical attention promptly.

Kidney

Individuals with kidney issues, dehydration, or the elderly should use ibuprofen with caution. Consult your doctor to determine the appropriate dosage and administration method.

Liver

Those with liver problems or who consume excessive alcohol should exercise caution when using ibuprofen. Seek guidance from your doctor regarding dosage and administration.

Eye

If you experience eye side effects, discontinue ibuprofen and consult an ophthalmologist.

Other

If you experience dizziness, stop taking ibuprofen and consult your doctor. People at increased risk of bleeding should be mindful of ibuprofen use and consult their physician for appropriate dosage and administration instructions.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities in Studies

A significant number of studies have reported on the efficacy and side effects of ibuprofen. Gastrointestinal and skin side effects are commonly observed across these studies.

Differences in Studies

Studies vary in their objectives, subjects, and ibuprofen administration methods. As a result, the frequency and severity of side effects may differ. For instance, studies focused on postoperative pain management tend to report more gastrointestinal side effects, while those investigating rheumatoid arthritis treatment may report a higher incidence of skin side effects.

Notes on Application to Daily Life

Ibuprofen's availability over-the-counter makes it easy to access and use. However, it's crucial to remember that ibuprofen carries the risk of side effects. Always consult your doctor before taking ibuprofen to determine the appropriate dosage and administration method. If you experience any adverse effects while using ibuprofen, stop taking it immediately and seek medical advice.

Limitations of Current Research

There is a lack of comprehensive research on the long-term effects of ibuprofen. Additionally, due to significant individual variations, the effectiveness of ibuprofen may differ from person to person.

Future Research Directions

Further research is necessary to fully understand the long-term effects of ibuprofen and to account for individual variations. The development of new treatments and preventive measures aimed at mitigating ibuprofen's side effects is also essential.

Conclusion

Ibuprofen is an effective medication for various pains and inflammations, but it comes with the possibility of side effects. If you are considering using ibuprofen, consult your doctor for guidance on appropriate dosage and administration.

Literature analysis of 8 papers
Positive Content
7
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
5
0
0
1
8
1.

Cyclobenzaprine with ibuprofen versus ibuprofen alone in acute myofascial strain: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.

Author: TurturroMichael A, FraterCraig R, D'AmicoFrank J

Pain reduction
Central nervous system side effects

Adding cyclobenzaprine to ibuprofen did not improve analgesia in emergency department patients with acute myofascial strain. However, it was associated with a greater prevalence of central nervous system side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Beyond COX-inhibition: 'side-effects' of ibuprofen on neoplastic development and progression.

Author: MatosPaulo, JordanPeter

Cancer chemoprevention

This review discusses the cancer chemopreventive properties of ibuprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The review highlights the COX-independent effects of ibuprofen, which involve multiple pathways that regulate cell cycle and apoptosis. These findings suggest that ibuprofen may have potential as a chemopreventive agent for certain types of cancer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

4.

Treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) using ibuprofen: renal side-effects in VLBW and ELBW newborns.

Author: BagnoliFranco, RossettiAnnalisa, MessinaGabriele, MoriAnnalisa, CasucciMartina, TomasiniBarbara

Renal impairment

Ibuprofen significantly impairs renal function in preterm infants with a gestational age of 26 weeks or less and/or in extremely low birth weight neonates. However, ibuprofen may be considered safe for infants with a birth weight greater than 1000 g and/or a gestational age greater than 26 weeks.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Preventing copper intrauterine device removals due to side effects among first-time users: randomized trial to study the effect of prophylactic ibuprofen.

Author: HubacherDavid, ReyesVeronica, LilloSonia, Pierre-LouisBosny, ZepedaAna, ChenPai-Lien, CroxattoHoracio

IUD pain treatment
Menstrual bleeding treatment

This study examined the effect of ibuprofen on early IUD removal.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

6.

Phase III study of ibuprofen versus placebo for radiation-induced genitourinary side effects.

Author: ColemanC Norman, KellyLaura, Riese DalyNancy, BeardClair, KaplanIrving, LambCarolyn, PropertKathleen, ManolaJudith

Dysuria
Radiosensitization

Ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, was not effective in reducing urinary symptoms during radiotherapy for prostate cancer.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

8.

Association of pain relief with drug side effects in postherpetic neuralgia: a single-dose study of clonidine, codeine, ibuprofen, and placebo.

Author: MaxM B, SchaferS C, CulnaneM, DubnerR, GracelyR H

Pain relief
Dizziness
Sedation

Clonidine was more effective than codeine, ibuprofen, or placebo for treating postherpetic neuralgia, with 74% of patients experiencing pain relief. Clonidine also had the highest incidence of side effects (74%), but pain relief was greater during trials in which side effects were present.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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