Side Effects of linagliptin: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Linagliptin is a relatively new drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. It is a DPP-4 inhibitor, meaning it works by blocking the breakdown of incretin hormones, which helps to improve blood sugar control. 14 、 21 、 17 、 23 Studies have shown that linagliptin can be effective both as a single treatment and in combination with other diabetes medications like metformin. 18 、 20 、 19

Reasons for Side Effects

Linagliptin works by boosting the effects of incretin hormones, which are naturally produced in the body and help regulate blood sugar. While this mechanism is beneficial for managing diabetes, it can also put stress on the pancreas, potentially leading to side effects such as pancreatitis. 16 、 3 、 6 、 5 、 7

Common Side Effects

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Linagliptin may increase the risk of upper respiratory tract infections, possibly due to its effects on the immune system. 23

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is a potential side effect of linagliptin, possibly linked to the drug's impact on pancreatic function. 16 、 3 、 6 、 5 、 7

Hypoglycemia

Linagliptin, when used alone, has a low risk of causing low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). 23 However, when combined with other diabetes medications, the risk of hypoglycemia may increase. 23

Weight Gain

Linagliptin is not thought to cause weight gain. 17 、 23 、 19

Allergies

There is a potential for allergic reactions to linagliptin. 23

Side Effects Management

Pancreatitis

If you experience symptoms of pancreatitis, it's crucial to seek immediate medical attention. Pancreatitis can become serious and potentially life-threatening. Given the possible link between linagliptin and pancreatitis, adhering to your doctor's instructions and undergoing regular checkups is essential. 16 、 3 、 6 、 5 、 7

Hypoglycemia

If you experience symptoms of low blood sugar, quickly consume something sugary like glucose tablets or a sugary drink. Severe hypoglycemia can lead to loss of consciousness. When taking linagliptin, it's important to carry a quick-acting sugar source with you. Monitoring your blood sugar levels regularly and following your doctor's instructions are crucial. 23

Allergies

Seek immediate medical attention if you experience an allergic reaction, as this can be a life-threatening situation. When starting linagliptin, inform your doctor about any potential allergies and monitor yourself carefully for any signs of an allergic reaction. 23

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities in Studies

Multiple research studies have established that linagliptin effectively lowers blood sugar levels. 14 、 21 、 17 、 23 Linagliptin has also demonstrated efficacy when used in combination with other diabetes medications. 18 、 20 、 19 Linagliptin is generally considered a safe medication. 23 、 15 However, it's important to be aware of the potential for side effects such as pancreatitis. 16 、 3 、 6 、 5 、 7

Differences in Studies

Research findings about linagliptin's effectiveness and side effects can vary depending on the study design, the characteristics of the participants, and other factors. For example, the extent of blood sugar improvement or the likelihood of side effects might differ between studies that used linagliptin alone versus those that combined it with other diabetes medications. It's essential to consider the results of multiple studies holistically to get a comprehensive understanding of linagliptin's effects.

Cautions for Real-Life Application

Linagliptin, while beneficial for managing blood sugar, carries a potential risk of side effects such as pancreatitis. 16 、 3 、 6 、 5 、 7 If you're taking linagliptin, it's crucial to follow your doctor's instructions closely and undergo regular checkups. If you experience any symptoms of pancreatitis, seek medical attention promptly. Remember that linagliptin is just one part of managing diabetes, and lifestyle changes play a vital role.

Current Research Limitations

The research on linagliptin's safety and effectiveness is still ongoing and more studies are needed, especially regarding long-term effects and side effects. Additional research is also necessary to understand how linagliptin interacts with other medications and to evaluate its impact on specific populations, such as pregnant women and children.

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on investigating the long-term effects and side effects of linagliptin, understanding how it interacts with other medications, and determining its effects on specific populations. These areas of research will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of linagliptin's safety and effectiveness.

Conclusion

Linagliptin is a useful medication for managing type 2 diabetes, but it's essential to be aware of the potential for side effects like pancreatitis. 16 、 3 、 6 、 5 、 7 Following your doctor's instructions, undergoing regular checkups, and promptly reporting any side effects are crucial for your health and well-being. Remember that managing diabetes effectively involves a combination of medications and lifestyle changes.

Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
21
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
3
Article Type
6
3
0
7
21
1.

Double-blind crossover comparison of triazolam and lorazepam in the posthypnotic state.

Author: CohnJ B

Induces sleep
Daytime sleepiness
Side effects

Triazolam and lorazepam are both effective hypnotics, but lorazepam has more pronounced daytime carryover and side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

A clinical method of evaluating simple reaction time and reaction accuracy is sensitive to a single dose of lorazepam.

Author: RichardsonJames K, EcknerJames T, KimHogene, Ashton-MillerJames A

Clinically available measures
Cognitive changes

A single dose of lorazepam increased simple reaction time variability in healthy adults, demonstrating the sensitivity of clinically feasible measures of reaction time to short-term benzodiazepine use.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Acute Pancreatitis Induced by Linagliptin: A Rare but Dangerous Side Effect.

Author: SharkoArtem, SamuelShirly, JainNikita

Treat diabetes mellitus type 2
Acute pancreatitis

This study reports a case of a 57-year-old male who developed DPP-4 inhibitor-induced acute pancreatitis after initiating linagliptin. The patient did not have any known risk factors for pancreatitis, highlighting the importance of careful monitoring for this rare but potentially serious side effect of DPP-4 inhibitors.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

6.

LINAGLIPTIN-INDUCED PANCREATITIS.

Author: MosqueraJorge Esteban, TorresNancy, RestrepoJorge, Ruz-PauCarlos

Acute pancreatitis

Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, may cause acute pancreatitis. This is a rare but serious adverse effect. Clinicians should warn patients about this risk and consider switching to another hypoglycemic treatment if a patient is at risk for pancreatitis.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

8.

Safety and tolerability of linagliptin in Asians with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 4457 patients from 21 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Author: KanasakiKeizo, QuShen, YamamotoFumiko, SchepersCornelia, Sani SimõesRafael, YabeDaisuke, JiLinong

Low risk of adverse events
Well tolerated

Linagliptin is well tolerated in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), including East Asians, with a low risk for adverse events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

9.

Safety and Efficacy of Long-Term Administration of Dipeptidyl peptidase IV Inhibitors in Patients With New Onset Diabetes After Kidney Transplant.

Author: MpratsiakouAdamantia, PapasotiriouMarios, NtriniasTheodoros, TsiotsiosKonstantinos, PapachristouEvangelos, GoumenosDimitrios S

Improved diabetes management
Long-term safety

This study investigated the long-term safety and efficacy of dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors in renal transplant recipients with new onset diabetes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

The combination of linagliptin, metformin and lifestyle modification to prevent type 2 diabetes (PRELLIM). A randomized clinical trial.

Author: Guardado-MendozaRodolfo, Salazar-LópezSara Stephania, Álvarez-CanalesMildred, Farfán-VázquezDiana, Martínez-LópezYoscelina Estrella, Jiménez-CejaLilia M, Suárez-PérezErick L, Angulo-RomeroFabiola, Evia-ViscarraMaria Lola, Montes de Oca-LoyolaMaría Luisa, Durán-PérezEdgar G, FolliFranco, Aguilar-GarcíaAlberto

Improved glucose tolerance
Reduced T2D incidence

This study evaluated the effect of lingaliptin + metformin + lifestyle on glucose tolerance, pancreatic β-cell function, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence in patients with prediabetes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Comparative efficacy and safety of gemigliptin versus linagliptin in type 2 diabetes patients with renal impairment: A 40-week extension of the GUARD randomized study.

Author: HanSang Youb, YoonSun Ae, HanByoung Geun, KimSung Gyun, JoYoung-Il, JeongKyung Hwan, OhKook-Hwan, ParkHyeong Cheon, ParkSun-Hee, KangShin-Wook, NaKi-Ryang, KangSun Woo, KimNam-Ho, JangYounghwan, KimBogyeong, ShinSeonghye, ChaDae Ryong

Improved glucose control
Reduced HbA1c

Gemigliptin and linagliptin did not differ with respect to safety and efficacy in patients with T2DM and renal impairment.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Comparative review of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas.

Author: DeaconC F, LebovitzH E

Improved glycemic control
Low side effects
No hypoglycemia
No weight gain
Reduced cardiovascular risk

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a progressive disease. Sulphonylurea drugs, a traditional second-line treatment for T2DM, can cause hypoglycemia and weight gain. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, a newer class of drugs, are equally effective in controlling blood sugar but do not cause hypoglycemia or weight gain and have fewer side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a drug safety evaluation.

Author: BarnettAnthony H

Improved glycemic control
Lower hypoglycemia risk
No weight gain
CV events
Pancreatitis

Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, is generally well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It improves glycemic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia or causing weight gain. It may be a rational alternative treatment option for patients with renal impairment, as it can be used without dose titration.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Safety and efficacy of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes: a comprehensive analysis of data from 1331 individuals aged ≥ 65 years.

Author: SchernthanerG, BarnettA H, PatelS, HehnkeU, von EynattenM, WoerleH-J

Effective therapy
Reduced hypoglycemia risk
Well-tolerated

Linagliptin was well-tolerated and efficacious therapy for elderly patients with T2DM. The incidence of hypoglycemia was similar between the linagliptin group (21.4%) and placebo group (25.7%). At week 24, the placebo-corrected adjusted mean reduction in HbA1c with linagliptin was -0.62 ± 0.06%.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and pancreatitis risk: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Author: MonamiM, DicembriniI, MannucciE

Pancreatitis risk

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the risk of pancreatitis associated with Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) by systematically collecting information from randomized clinical trials.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Efficacy and safety of Jentadueto® (linagliptin plus metformin).

Author: ScheenAndré J

Diabetes control

Linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, offers a new option for combined therapy with metformin in type 2 diabetes. It shares a similar pharmacodynamic profile with other gliptins but has a unique pharmacokinetic profile characterized by negligible renal excretion.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

Incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of direct comparisons of efficacy, safety and patient satisfaction.

Author: RussellSheldon

Blood pressure reduction
Glycemic control
Weight loss
Hypoglycemia

Incretin-based therapies, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, are effective in controlling glycaemia with a low risk of hypoglycaemia. These agents may also offer additional benefits, such as weight loss and reduced blood pressure.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

Initial combination with linagliptin and metformin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and severe hyperglycemia.

Author: HaakThomas

Improved glycemic control
Reduced HbA1c
Hypoglycemia
Weight gain

This study found that linagliptin plus metformin is a well-tolerated and effective treatment alternative to insulin for new-onset patients with type 2 diabetes and severe hyperglycemia.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

21.

Linagliptin monotherapy in type 2 diabetes patients for whom metformin is inappropriate: an 18-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial with a 34-week active-controlled extension.

Author: BarnettA H, PatelS, HarperR, ToorawaR, ThiemannS, von EynattenM, WoerleH-J

Improve glycemic control
Less hypoglycemia
Weight loss

Linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, effectively improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes who were ineligible for metformin. It was well-tolerated, with less hypoglycemia and weight loss compared to glimepiride.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Author: MonamiMatteo, DicembriniIlaria, MartelliDaniele, MannucciEdoardo

Cancer risk
Pancreatitis risk

This meta-analysis examined the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) on major cardiovascular events (MACE), cancer, and pancreatitis. Recent studies have suggested an association between DPP4i and increased risk of pancreatitis and cancer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

23.

Linagliptin: the newest dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Author: AlettiRachael, Cheng-LaiAngela

Effective diabetes treatment
Well tolerated

Linagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor that has been studied as monotherapy and as an adjunctive therapy to other oral agents in a dual or triple combination regimen. It is effective in lowering glycosylated hemoglobin and has a favorable safety profile.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

24.

[Incretin-based therapy for treating patients with type 2 diabetes].

Author: JermendyGyörgy

Treatment of type 2 diabetes
Potential side-effects

This review discusses the clinical experience with new antidiabetic drugs, including incretinmimetics and DPP-4 inhibitors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Hungarian

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