Effects of nicotine lozenges: A Synthesis of Findings from 14 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Nicotine lozenges have shown potential as a method to assist smokers in quitting. 1 suggests that nicotine replacement medications such as nicotine lozenges reduce emotional distress and cravings, which are common withdrawal symptoms experienced by smokers trying to quit. 9 found that both the pharmacological effects of nicotine lozenges and the expectation of receiving nicotine can play a role in reducing cravings. 2 found that nicotine mini lozenges helped reduce nicotine cravings in smokers triggered by behavioral cues. 13 suggests that nicotine lozenges are a safe and effective way to help people stop smoking. 10 explores the possibility of nicotine lozenges being effective for quitting smokeless tobacco products.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Nicotine lozenges have been shown to help reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms, which can make it easier to quit smoking. 1 , 9 There is also potential for nicotine lozenges to aid in quitting smokeless tobacco products. 10

Risk Summary

Nicotine lozenges can pose risks for individuals with pre-existing health conditions, such as nicotine dependence or heart disease. 5 Due to their bitter taste, some individuals may find it difficult to use nicotine lozenges. 7

Comparison Across Studies

Similarities

Many studies indicate that nicotine lozenges can be helpful in reducing withdrawal symptoms related to smoking cessation. 1 , 9 , 13 , 10 These studies suggest that nicotine lozenges are a potentially effective method to support smoking cessation.

Differences

Some studies show varied conclusions regarding the impact of nicotine lozenges on cessation success. For example, suggests a higher rate of cessation success when nicotine patches and lozenges are combined compared to using either method alone. In contrast, 10 did not observe any significant differences in cessation rates between those using nicotine lozenges and a placebo group among smokeless tobacco users.

Consistency and Contradictions in the Results

While many studies suggest that nicotine lozenges can be effective in aiding smoking cessation, the extent of effectiveness and the time it takes to achieve results varies. The effect of nicotine lozenges on cessation success can be influenced by various factors, such as individual smoking habits, health status, and the amount of nicotine lozenges used. 12

Considerations for Applying the Results in Everyday Life

It is crucial to consult a healthcare professional or pharmacist to determine the appropriate usage of nicotine lozenges. 7 Nicotine lozenges are a tool to aid in quitting, and success requires strong willpower and proper support. 4 If you have pre-existing health conditions like nicotine dependence or heart disease, adhere to your doctor's guidance regarding their use. 5

Limitations of Current Research

Research on nicotine lozenges is not yet comprehensive. 8 There is a lack of research regarding their long-term effects and side effects. 5 Future research needs to consider the long-term effects and risks associated with nicotine lozenges.

Future Research Directions

While nicotine lozenges have shown potential as an effective tool for aiding smokers in quitting, their effectiveness and time to achieve results vary among individuals. Further research is needed to analyze the effectiveness of nicotine lozenges in greater detail and explore methods for enhancing their efficacy. 4 Research regarding side effects and long-term impacts is also necessary. 5

Conclusion

Nicotine lozenges have the potential to help reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms, which can make it easier to quit smoking. 1 However, the effectiveness and time to achieve results vary among individuals, and there are potential risks associated with their use. 5 It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional or pharmacist to determine the appropriate usage for you. 7 Successful quitting requires strong willpower and appropriate support, in addition to the use of nicotine lozenges. 4

Literature analysis of 14 papers
Positive Content
11
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
2
Article Type
9
0
0
1
14
1.

Effect of nicotine lozenges on affective smoking withdrawal symptoms: secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Author: ShiffmanSaul

Reduced craving
Reduced distress

Nicotine lozenges significantly reduced affective withdrawal symptoms in high-dependence smokers, with lozenge-related decreases in craving partially mediating the effect of treatment on abstinence, particularly in high-dependence smokers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Nicotine Lozenges in the Relief of Behaviorally Provoked Craving.

Author: NidesMitchell, ShangaGilbert Marava, BishopAmanda, BeckerWilliam D

Reduced craving
Adverse events

Nicotine mini lozenges (4 mg) significantly reduced craving scores 5 minutes post-treatment in heavy smokers who were behaviorally provoked to induce nicotine craving. This effect was not observed in smokers with lower dependency.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Pharmacokinetic characterization of three novel 4-mg nicotine lozenges
.

Author: SukhijaManpreet, SrivastavaReena, KaushikAditya

Nicotine lozenges for smoking cessation

Three prototype 4-mg nicotine lozenges produced in India were found to be bioequivalent to Nicorette® 4-mg nicotine lozenge. All prototypes were well tolerated.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Randomized trial of nicotine lozenges and phone counseling for smokeless tobacco cessation.

Author: SeversonHerbert H, DanaherBrian G, EbbertJon O, van MeterNora, LichtensteinEdward, WiddopChris, CrowleyRyann, AkersLaura, SeeleyJohn R

ST cessation

There are limited treatment options for people who use smokeless tobacco (ST) and want to quit. Self-help materials, phone counseling, and nicotine lozenges have shown promise. This study examines the effects of phone counseling and nicotine lozenges separately and together for quitting smokeless tobacco.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

6.

Acute effects of nicotine on alcohol cue-reactivity in nondependent and dependent smokers.

Author: McGrathDaniel S, PeloquinMarcel P, FerdinandJustin C, BarrettSean P

Alcohol craving increase
Smoking craving increase

This study examined the impact of acute nicotine administration on subjective responses to alcohol-focused pictorial stimuli in smokers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Relationships of PROP Taste Phenotype, Taste Receptor Genotype, and Oral Nicotine Replacement Use.

Author: AhijevychKaren, TepperBeverly J, GrahamMargaret C, HollomanChristopher, MatchamWilliam A

Smoking cessation
Bitter taste phenotype
Oral NRT non-adherence

This study explored the relationship between bitter taste perception (PROP phenotype) and adherence to oral nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

The acute effects of daily nicotine intake on heart rate--a toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic modelling study.

Author: GajewskaM, WorthA, UraniC, BriesenH, SchrammK-W

Nicotine safety assessment

The study utilized physiologically-based toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (PBTK/TD) modeling to simulate nicotine concentrations in the human body. The model indicated that frequent cigarette smoking leads to high nicotine concentrations in blood, while nicotine patches lead to high concentrations in the liver.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Validation StudyResearch to assess the validity and reliability of new measurement methods or diagnostic tests.

Language : English

9.

The impact of nicotine lozenges and stimulus expectancies on cigarette craving.

Author: SchlagintweitHera E, GoodKimberley P, BarrettSean P

Nicotine craving reduction

This study examined the impact of nicotine pharmacology and non-pharmacological factors on craving, mood, and heart rate in smokers using nicotine lozenges. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological components were found to reduce craving, but neither was effective against craving triggered by smoking-related stimuli.

Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

A pilot study of mailed nicotine lozenges with assisted self-help for the treatment of smokeless tobacco users.

Author: EbbertJon O, SeversonHerbert H, CroghanIvana T, DanaherBrian G, SchroederDarrell R

Feasible treatment
Reduced withdrawal symptoms
Minimal adverse events

This clinical pilot study evaluated the feasibility and safety of mailing nicotine lozenges to smokeless tobacco users.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

11.

Effect of nicotine lozenges on affective smoking withdrawal symptoms: secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Author: ShiffmanSaul

Reduced craving
Reduced distress

Nicotine lozenges significantly reduced affective withdrawal symptoms in high-dependence smokers, with lozenge-related decreases in craving partially mediating the effect of treatment on abstinence, particularly in high-dependence smokers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Use of more nicotine lozenges leads to better success in quitting smoking.

Author: ShiffmanSaul

Nicotine gum treatment

This study investigates alternative explanations for the correlation observed between the number of nicotine gum pieces used and better treatment outcomes in smokers. The study tested three alternative explanations: reverse causation, confounding third variable, and behavioral processes, using data from a clinical trial of nicotine lozenges.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Efficacy of a nicotine lozenge for smoking cessation.

Author: ShiffmanSaul, DreslerCarolyn M, HajekPeter, GilburtSimon J A, TargettDarren A, StrahsKenneth R

Smoking cessation

This study assessed the safety and efficacy of a new nicotine polacrilex lozenge for smoking cessation. Nicotine replacement therapy is widely used, but some smokers prefer alternative forms to chewing gum.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

The future of nicotine replacement.

Author: RussellM A

Safer alternative
Smoking cessation

Nicotine replacement products, such as patches and inhalers, can serve as aids to smoking cessation and long-term alternatives to tobacco. While they are safer than tobacco, their effectiveness as aids to cessation is less than that of tobacco products, so they require health authority endorsement and tax advantages to promote use.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

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