Side Effects of polio vaccine: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Numerous studies have been conducted on polio vaccines, leading to a range of discoveries. 11 revealed that many vaccines, including polio vaccines, utilize live attenuated or inactivated bacteria and viruses. These stimulate the immune system and are effective in preventing diseases, but they can also cause side effects ranging from mild to severe. 16 states that the first polio vaccine was introduced in 1955, followed by the oral vaccine. Polio vaccines have significantly reduced the incidence of polio in developed countries. However, polio remains a serious threat in developing countries. 18 conducted a clinical evaluation of a new DPT-polio vaccine (DPTP) developed in France. This vaccine was randomly assigned to three groups of 320 infants aged 3 to 24 months: a group that received two doses of DPTP, a group that received two doses of DPT and poliovirus vaccine (IPV) at separate sites, and a group that received two doses of DPT and oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). As a result, the DPTP group achieved antibody titers of 100%, 100%, and 92% for pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus, respectively. Additionally, the group that received IPV simultaneously or in combination with DPT had a 100% seroconversion rate to poliovirus antigens, compared to 49% to 77% in the group that received OPV. These studies suggest that polio vaccines are safe and effective, but there are various side effect risks.

Reasons for Side Effects

Polio vaccine side effects are thought to be caused by a complex interplay of various factors, including the vaccine's components, administration methods, and individual susceptibility. 11 mentions the possibility of live attenuated viruses reverting to a pathogenic form as a potential side effect of polio vaccines. 14 reports a case of trismus associated with tetanus immunization. Additionally, 3 suggests that the novel oral polio vaccine (nOPV2) may not be immediately trusted by communities and health workers due to its novelty, potential side effects, and introduction under an Emergency Use Listing (EUL).

Common Side Effects

Fever

Fever may occur after receiving a polio vaccine. 14 lists fever following tetanus immunization as a common side effect.

Pain and Swelling at the Injection Site

Pain and swelling may occur at the injection site after receiving a polio vaccine. 14 lists pain and swelling at the injection site after tetanus immunization as common side effects. 2 suggests that aluminum-containing vaccines can cause muscle damage and inflammation. However, this damage usually recovers within a month of vaccination.

Other Side Effects

In addition to the side effects mentioned above, polio vaccines may cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and fatigue. 10 investigated the vaccination status of children admitted to tertiary care hospitals in India and found that poor health conditions in children and low educational levels of parents were factors contributing to partial or incomplete vaccination. Additionally, 1 states that in areas of Pakistan with low polio vaccine coverage, concerns and distrust about vaccine safety are cited as reasons for vaccine refusal. Furthermore, 19 points out that although the incidence of paralysis associated with the vaccine is extremely low, healthcare providers and vaccine manufacturers may be liable for such adverse effects in some states.

Side Effect Countermeasures

Countermeasures for Fever

If you are concerned about fever, it is important to consult a doctor and get proper instructions. When using over-the-counter fever reducers, follow the directions and instructions provided by the doctor.

Countermeasures for Pain and Swelling at the Injection Site

If you are concerned about pain and swelling at the injection site, applying cold compresses may alleviate the pain. Keep the area clean and avoid excessive movement. If symptoms do not improve, consult a doctor.

Countermeasures for Other Side Effects

If you are concerned about other side effects, consult a doctor and seek proper instructions. Depending on the situation, you may receive advice on medication, lifestyle changes, and other measures.

Comparison between Studies

Common Points between Studies

Many studies have shown that polio vaccines are safe and effective, while acknowledging various side effect risks. It is also a common finding that various factors, including vaccine components, administration methods, and individual susceptibility, can influence side effects.

Differences between Studies

Studies on polio vaccine side effects vary in terms of target age groups, vaccine types, and research methods, leading to different results. 18 found that the DPTP group achieved antibody titers of 100%, 100%, and 92% for pertussis, diphtheria, and tetanus, respectively. On the other hand, 8 suggests that the quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM) is safe when administered concurrently with routine vaccinations in infants. 5 compared six vaccination schedules with different sequential doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), tOPV, or bOPV to assess the immunogenicity and safety profile of the bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV), suggesting that bOPV is safe and immunogenic. These research findings suggest that while polio vaccines are safe and effective, the immune responses and side effects elicited by vaccines can vary depending on the specific vaccine and vaccination schedule.

Points to Note for Application in Daily Life

Research findings on polio vaccines help deepen our understanding of polio prevention and treatment. However, since polio vaccine side effects can vary from person to person, it is crucial to consult a doctor before receiving the vaccine to determine the appropriate vaccine for your body type and health condition. After vaccination, be mindful of changes in your health and consult a doctor immediately if you experience any abnormalities.

Current Research Limitations

Research on polio vaccines is still ongoing and not yet exhaustive. Further research is needed, particularly on the long-term effects of vaccines and their impact on individuals with specific constitutions. Additionally, data collection on polio vaccine side effects is still inadequate. More comprehensive data collection will allow for more effective side effect prevention and management.

Future Research Directions

Future research on polio vaccine side effects should focus on investigating the long-term effects of vaccines and their impact on individuals with specific constitutions. It is also important to uncover the causes and mechanisms of side effects and develop new vaccines and administration methods to reduce them. Moreover, it is essential to strengthen data collection on polio vaccine side effects and enhance information disclosure regarding side effects.

Conclusion

Polio vaccines are highly effective in preventing polio but carry the risk of side effects. It is crucial to consult a doctor before receiving the vaccine to determine the appropriate vaccine for your body type and health condition. After vaccination, be mindful of changes in your health and consult a doctor immediately if you experience any abnormalities.

Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
20
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
2
Article Type
10
0
0
2
24
3.

Exploring public perceptions of vaccine-derived poliovirus and a novel oral polio vaccine in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, and Nigeria.

Author: LorenzettiLara, HaydarovRustam, NameyEmily, LawtonAnna, NamHayon, Ridwan HasanMuhamad, MonjClaude, AbeyesekeraSurangani, Amina KabwauMaria, McIntoshRoss

Improved vaccine stability
Polio eradication
Vaccine hesitancy

This study explores the perceptions and communication barriers surrounding the introduction of novel oral polio vaccine Type 2 (nOPV2) for the eradication of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus Type 2 (cVDPV2).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Immunogenicity and Safety of a Sabin Strain-Based Inactivated Polio Vaccine: A Phase 3 Clinical Trial.

Author: HuYuemei, WangJianfeng, ZengGang, ChuKai, JiangDeyu, ZhuFengdong, YingZhifang, ChenLei, LiChanggui, ZhuFengcai, YinWeidong

Immunogenicity
Fever

The Sabin strain-based inactivated polio vaccine (sIPV) demonstrated an immunogenicity profile noninferior to that of the conventional IPV and had a good safety profile. Seroconversion rates were higher in the sIPV group for all three poliovirus types.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Immunogenicity and safety evaluation of bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine by comparing different poliomyelitis vaccination schedules in China: A randomized controlled non-inferiority clinical trial.

Author: QiuJingjun, YangYunkai, HuangLirong, WangLing, JiangZhiwei, GongJian, WangWei, WangHongyan, GuoShaohong, LiChanjuan, WeiShuyuan, MoZhaojun, XiaJielai

Safe & effective polio vaccination

The study aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of six different vaccination schedules using inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV), or bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bOPV). The goal was to assess the effectiveness of the switch from tOPV to bOPV to prevent vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Two consecutive randomized controlled pertussis booster trials in children initially vaccinated in infancy with an acellular vaccine: The first with a five-component Tdap vaccine to 5-year olds and the second with five- or monocomponent Tdap vaccines at age 14-15 years.

Author: CarlssonR M, GustafssonL, HallanderH O, LjungmanM, OlinP, GotheforsL, NilssonL, NetterlidE

Pertussis vaccination

Two randomized booster trials investigated the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of Tdap vaccines in children and adolescents. Tdap5 induced comparable anti-PT concentrations at ages 5 and 15 years, but antibody responses to other pertussis antigens were significantly higher in adolescents. The frequency of adverse events was low in both age groups.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Comparison of the Immunogenicity of Various Booster Doses of Inactivated Polio Vaccine Delivered Intradermally Versus Intramuscularly to HIV-Infected Adults.

Author: TroyStephanie B, KouiavskaiaDiana, SiikJulia, KochbaEfrat, BeydounHind, MirochnitchenkoOlga, LevinYotam, KhardoriNancy, ChumakovKonstantin, MaldonadoYvonne

Lower IPV cost
Polio eradication
Reduced IPV dose

This study explores the potential of intradermal inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) as a cost-effective alternative for global polio eradication. While intradermal IPV holds promise due to its potential for lower effective doses, previous studies using 20% of the standard intramuscular dose resulted in inferior antibody titers.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Safety of a quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W and Y conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM) administered with routine infant vaccinations: results of an open-label, randomized, phase 3b controlled study in healthy infants.

Author: AbdelnourArturo, SilasPeter E, LamasMarta Raquel Valdés, AragónCarlos Fernándo Grazioso, ChiuNan-Chang, ChiuCheng-Hsun, AcuñaTeobaldo Herrera, CastrejónTirza De León, IzuAllen, OdrljinTatjana, SmolenovIgor, HohenbokenMatthew, DullPeter M

This phase 3b study evaluated the safety of a 4-dose series of MenACWY-CRM, a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine, in healthy infants. The vaccine was administered concomitantly with routine vaccinations.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Attitudes and perceptions of private pediatricians regarding polio immunization in India.

Author: ChoudhuryPanna, ThackerNaveen, GarganoLisa M, WeissPaul S, VashishthaVipin M, AmladiTanmay, PazolKaren, OrensteinWalter A, OmerSaad B, HughesJames M

Polio eradication

This study investigated the attitudes and perceptions of pediatricians in India regarding polio immunization and their opinions on strategies for polio eradication. Private pediatricians play a crucial role in vaccine delivery and public trust. The study highlights the importance of understanding their views to improve polio eradication efforts in India.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Designer adjuvants for enhancing the efficacy of infectious disease and cancer vaccines based on suppression of regulatory T cell induction.

Author: MillsKingston H G

Generate immunity
Prevent disease

This review discusses the evolution of vaccines from whole virus or bacteria to subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines offer a safer and more defined alternative but require adjuvants or delivery systems to induce protective immune responses.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

12.

[The immunological basis of the administration of DTP-polio vaccine].

Author: CohenH

Acellular pertussis vaccine with fewer side effects
Effective against poliovirus
Humoral immunity
Febrile reactions
Suppression of tetanus antitoxins

The DTP (whole cell)-polio vaccine is effective in providing immunity against diphtheria, tetanus, and polio. While the diphtheria and tetanus components have negligible side effects, the pertussis component can cause some side effects. Acellular pertussis vaccines, which are newer, have been shown to be as effective as the whole cell vaccine while causing fewer febrile reactions.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Dutch

13.

Local reactions and IgE antibodies to pertussis toxin after acellular diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization.

Author: EdelmanK, MalmströmK, HeQ, SavolainenJ, TerhoE O, MertsolaJ

Pertussis immunization
Local reactions

Acellular pertussis vaccination can induce IgE antibodies to pertussis toxin, particularly after booster vaccination. Children with local reactions following vaccination had significantly higher pre- and post-booster levels of pertussis toxin-specific IgE, suggesting a multifactorial immunological mechanism for such reactions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

[Trismus and tetanus vaccine].

Author: MayaudC, LoupiE, ChararaO, AraujoE, BealG, BaudardS, BellaicheM, FoucaudP

Trismus

Trismus associated with tetanus toxoid immunization is rare but physicians should be aware of this adverse event.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : French

15.

Facilitating behavioral change for acceptance of oral polio vaccine.

Author: VermaA K, BansalR K, PawarA B

Improved vaccination rates

Parental fear of vaccine side effects can hinder immunization. In-depth counseling and community leader involvement are crucial in addressing these concerns and ensuring child welfare.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

[Poliomyelitis in Landsteiner's time and today].

Author: SchwickH G

Poliomyelitis prevention
Side effects

Poliomyelitis has been significantly reduced in industrial countries due to vaccination, but it remains a threat in developing countries.

BiographyA list of literature cited or referenced in a research paper or book. It shows the materials on which the research is based and is used to support the reliability of the paper.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Historical ArticleA research paper that analyzes past events and developments using primary sources and examines them from a historical perspective.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : German

18.

Evaluation of a new combined inactivated DPT-polio vaccine.

Author: DruckerJ, SoulaG, DialloO, FabreP

Effective against DPT and poliovirus antigens
Safe vaccine

A new combined DPT-Poliovirus vaccine (DPTP) demonstrated high seroconversion rates for all antigens in a clinical trial in Mali. The DPTP group achieved 100% seroconversion to diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis antigens, and 100% seroconversion to poliovirus antigens. The DPTP was well-tolerated, with no severe adverse reactions.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

20.

A pilot safety and immunogenicity study of the malaria vaccine SPf66 in Gambian infants.

Author: LeachA, DrakeleyC J, D'AlessandroU, FeganG W, BennettS, BallouW R, TargettG A, GreenwoodB M

Malaria vaccine development
Increased malaria incidence

The malaria vaccine SPf66 produced modest local reactions but no significant systemic side effects in 150 Gambian infants. The Colombian-produced SPf66 was more immunogenic than the US-produced vaccine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Administration of 25,000 IU vitamin A doses at routine immunisation in young infants.

Author: RahmanM M, MahalanabisD, WahedM A, IslamM A, HabteD

Vitamin A supplementation
Bulging fontanelle

Administering 25,000 IU of vitamin A to young infants along with routine immunizations was associated with an increased incidence of transient bulging fontanelle, but without any associated adverse signs or symptoms. However, this dosage may still be inadequate to prevent vitamin A deficiency in this population.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

22.

Safety and immunogenicity of PRP-T combined with DTP: excretion of capsular polysaccharide and antibody response in the immediate post-vaccination period.

Author: MillerM A, MeschievitzC K, BallancoG A, DaumR S

HIB vaccine
Erythema
Swelling

Combining Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide covalently linked to tetanus toxoid (PRP-T) and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) in one injection produced a combination vaccine that was associated with a slight increase in the rate of erythema and swelling but with similar immunogenicity of the vaccine components and oral polio vaccine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

The immunogenicity and safety of Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Gambian infants.

Author: MulhollandE K, ByassP, CampbellH, FritzellB, GreenwoodA M, ToddJ, GreenwoodB M

Immunogenic
Safe

The safety and immunogenicity of a Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (PRP-T) were evaluated in two studies of Gambian infants. The vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic, with no serious side effects observed. Antibody levels were significantly elevated after vaccination, demonstrating the effectiveness of PRP-T in protecting against Haemophilus influenzae type b infection.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

[The PRP-D vaccination of Danish children. A study of immunogenicity of a Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine coadministered with Di-Te-Pol to Danish children].

Author: KonradsenH B, EjlertsenT, HenrichsenJ

Immunogenic
Safe
Well tolerated

A Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine (PRP-D) was safe and immunogenic in Danish children younger than 18 months of age when administered simultaneously with a diphtheria-, tetanus- and polio-vaccine. Antibody levels significantly increased after vaccination.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : Danish

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