Effective treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd): A Synthesis of Findings from 51 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent and debilitating mental health condition. It is often triggered by exposure to traumatic events, such as accidents, violence, or natural disasters. PTSD can significantly impact a person’s quality of life, leading to difficulties with relationships, work, and daily functioning. Research indicates that trauma-focused therapies are often recommended as the first choice for those who do not recover from PTSD spontaneously. 26 found that in individuals with psychosis, trauma-focused treatments were found to be beneficial for PTSD patients with and without the dissociative subtype. 18 suggests that the Developmentally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy (D-CPT) could be an effective treatment for adolescents and young adults experiencing PTSD following physical and sexual abuse. 13 evaluated Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) as a treatment for combat-related psychological trauma. 23 reviews the current state of pharmacologic interventions and psychotherapy in the treatment of PTSD. 42 suggests that Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) could be an effective intervention for COVID-19 patients suffering from PTSD.

treatmentまとめ

There are several treatment options for PTSD. 26 reports that trauma-focused treatment, specifically prolonged exposure (PE) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, were found to be beneficial for individuals with PTSD and psychosis. 18 describes a study protocol for a newly developed psychotherapeutic manual for PTSD after CSA/CPA in adolescents and young adults - the Developmentally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy (D-CPT). 13 investigated Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) for the treatment of combat-related psychological trauma. 23 reviews the use of pharmacologic interventions in the treatment of PTSD. 42 evaluated the efficacy of Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) for COVID-19 patients with PTSD.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Trauma-focused therapies can be effective in reducing PTSD symptoms and improving quality of life. They help individuals process and cope with traumatic experiences, leading to a greater sense of control and well-being. Research shows that these therapies can significantly reduce PTSD symptoms, improve sleep quality, and enhance social functioning.

Risks Summary

While trauma-focused therapies are generally safe and effective, there are some potential risks. Some individuals may experience temporary worsening of symptoms during treatment. Additionally, revisiting traumatic memories can be emotionally challenging, and some patients may experience distress or anxiety. It is important to work with a qualified therapist who can provide support and guidance throughout the process.

Comparison of Studies

Similarities in Studies

Many studies have indicated that trauma-focused treatments are effective in reducing PTSD symptoms. These studies also emphasize the importance of addressing the specific needs of each individual and tailoring treatment to their unique experiences and challenges.

Differences in Studies

There are differences in the approaches taken in these research studies. Some studies focus on specific populations, such as veterans or adolescents, while others examine various treatment modalities. Research findings often differ based on the specific treatment approaches used, the type of trauma experienced, and the patient’s individual characteristics. For example, 25 found that the impact of PTSD treatment on symptoms of psychosis, depression, and social functioning in patients with chronic psychotic disorders is largely unknown. 13 focused on the use of Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) for the treatment of combat-related psychological trauma. 21 investigated the cost-effectiveness of integrating tobacco cessation with PTSD treatment.

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

While the majority of research supports the effectiveness of trauma-focused therapies for PTSD, there is still ongoing discussion about the optimal approaches and best practices. 25 found that the impact of PTSD treatment on symptoms of psychosis, depression, and social functioning in patients with chronic psychotic disorders is largely unknown. 8 compared EMDR and psychopharmacological therapy, noting that there is no single treatment that is effective for all individuals. Further research is needed to understand the effectiveness of various treatment modalities for different types of PTSD, comorbid conditions, and individual characteristics.

Practical Applications and Considerations

It is essential to consider that trauma-focused therapies are not a one-size-fits-all approach. It is important to work with a qualified mental health professional who can provide a proper diagnosis, create a treatment plan tailored to your specific needs, and guide you through the therapeutic process.

Here are some key considerations:

  • Seek professional help: If you are struggling with PTSD, it is vital to reach out to a qualified therapist or counselor specializing in PTSD treatment. They can help you develop a personalized treatment plan.
  • Understanding treatment options: Explore the various treatment options available for PTSD, including trauma-focused therapies, medication, and support groups.
  • Open communication: Open communication with your therapist is crucial. Be honest about your experiences, fears, and any concerns you may have about the treatment process.
  • Self-care: Engage in self-care practices that support your mental health, such as exercise, mindfulness, or relaxation techniques.
  • Support system: Build a strong support system of friends, family, or support groups who can offer encouragement and understanding.

Current Research Limitations

While research on PTSD treatment has made significant strides, there are still limitations. More research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of various treatment modalities for specific populations, such as individuals with comorbid conditions or those who experience certain types of trauma.

Future Research Directions

Future research should focus on exploring the following:

  • Investigating the long-term effectiveness of different treatment modalities for PTSD, including trauma-focused therapies and pharmacologic interventions.
  • Identifying factors that predict treatment response and tailoring treatment plans based on individual characteristics and needs.
  • Exploring the use of technology-based interventions, such as internet-delivered therapies, for PTSD treatment.

Conclusion

PTSD is a serious mental health condition that can have a profound impact on a person’s life. However, there is hope for recovery. Trauma-focused therapies are often recommended as the first choice for those who do not recover spontaneously. 26 found that trauma-focused treatments were found to be beneficial for PTSD patients with and without the dissociative subtype, even in individuals with psychosis. It is important to remember that treatment for PTSD is a journey, and seeking professional help, engaging in self-care practices, and building a supportive network can make a significant difference.

If you are struggling with PTSD or know someone who is, it is vital to seek professional help and support. There are resources available to provide guidance and support on your path to healing.

Treatment List

Trauma-focused therapy, Prolonged exposure (PE), Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, Developmentally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy (D-CPT), Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART), Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET), pharmacologic interventions, cognitive therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (i-CBT), couple and family therapies

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
PTSD prevention
1
Effective treatment of PTSD
2
Improved quality of life
Reduced PTSD symptoms
3
Reduced PTSD symptoms
Reduced depression
Reduced disability
4
Improved PTSD symptoms
PTSD symptom reduction
5
Improved SUD treatment
6
PTSD symptom reduction
7
PTSD symptom improvement
8
Treatment of PTSD
9
PTSD treatment
10
PTSD treatment
VA healthcare
11
Early trauma-focused treatment
12
PTSD treatment
13
SS effective for stimulant use
14
PTSD treatment
15
TMS for PTSD
16
PTSD treatment
17
PTSD treatment
18
Cognitive processing therapy
19
Reduced PTSD symptoms
20
Improved quality of life
Improved smoking cessation
21
Sexual function improvement
22
PRX for PTSD
SRT for PTSD
Trauma-focused psychotherapy for PTSD
23
PTSD/SUD treatment
24
EMDR effective
PE effective
Remission from schizophrenia
25
PTSD treatment
26
PTSD treatment
27
Ch-PTSD treatment
28
PTSD treatment
30
Cancer-related PTSD treatment
31
Improved PTSD symptoms
32
PTSD treatment
TF-CBT
33
PTSD symptom reduction
i-CBT effective
34
PTSD treatment
35
Effective for PTSD
36
PTSD+SUD treatment
37
Improves remission rates
Reduces PTSD symptoms
38
PTSD treatment
39
Improved PTSD treatment
40
PTSD treatment
41
NET for PTSD
42
PTSD treatment
43
Exercise for PTSD
44
EBT for PTSD
45
PTSD treatment
46
CBT for PTSD in children and adolescents
47
Reduced PTSD
Reduced substance use
48
Exercise benefit
PTSD treatment
49
PTSD treatment
50
PTSD treatment
51
Risk Keywords
Treatment dropout
3
Medication side effects
4
Substance use disorders
6
Higher dropout rates
7
Low income barrier
Non-VA provider unawareness
11
PTSD
12
Military sexual trauma
Post-traumatic stress disorder
19
Small effect size
20
Increased cost of smoking cessation services
21
Treatment discontinuation
29
Intrusions may need specific treatment
32
Symptom relapse
34
Drop-out rates
43
High dropout rate
48
Literature analysis of 51 papers
Positive Content
49
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
0
Article Type
26
21
20
11
51
1.

Cognitive behaviour therapy of acute stress disorder: a four-year follow-up.

Author: BryantRichard A, MouldsMichelle L, NixonReginald V D

PTSD prevention

This study found that early cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) provided within a month of trauma significantly reduced the risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) four years later. Only 8% of CBT patients developed PTSD compared to 25% of those who received supportive counseling. CBT also resulted in less severe PTSD symptoms, particularly fewer avoidance behaviors. This suggests that early CBT intervention is beneficial in preventing long-term PTSD.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: development and evaluation.

Author: EhlersAnke, ClarkDavid M, HackmannAnn, McManusFreda, FennellMelanie

Effective treatment of PTSD

A new cognitive therapy (CT) program was developed for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on a recent cognitive model. In a series of cases, 20 patients treated with CT showed significant improvement in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. A controlled study then compared CT to a waitlist group (no treatment). CT significantly reduced PTSD symptoms, disability, depression, and anxiety while the waitlist group did not improve. These improvements lasted for at least 6 months. CT was well-received with only 3% of participants dropping out. The study found that improvement in PTSD was related to changes in negative thoughts related to trauma. Education level and socioeconomic status also played a role in treatment success.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Author: BissonJ, AndrewM

Improved quality of life
Reduced PTSD symptoms
Treatment dropout

Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, stress management, and group trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy are effective treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

4.

Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder - a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: IpserJ, SeedatS, SteinD J

Reduced PTSD symptoms
Reduced depression
Reduced disability
Medication side effects

Medication, particularly selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), is effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reducing core symptoms, associated depression, and disability. Long-term medication may be required.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

5.

Psychological treatments for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: BissonJonathan I, EhlersAnke, MatthewsRosa, PillingStephen, RichardsDavid, TurnerStuart

Improved PTSD symptoms
PTSD symptom reduction

Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (TFCBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) were the most effective treatments for chronic PTSD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

7.

Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Author: BissonJ, AndrewM

PTSD symptom reduction
Higher dropout rates

Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy, EMDR, stress management, and group TFCBT are effective in the treatment of PTSD. There was some evidence that individual TFCBT and EMDR are superior to stress management in the treatment of PTSD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

8.

[EMDR and psychopharmacological therapy in the treatment of the post-traumatic stress disorder].

Author: ArnoneRaffaele, OrricoAda, D'aquinoGiuseppe, Di MunzioWalter

PTSD symptom improvement

EMDR was more efficacious in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to psychopharmacological therapy with sertraline.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : Italian

9.

Effectiveness of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with a brief exposure procedure in post-traumatic stress disorder--a pilot study.

Author: IsserlesMoshe, ShalevArieh Y, RothYiftach, PeriTuvia, KutzIlan, ZlotnickElad, ZangenAbraham

Treatment of PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious anxiety disorder caused by traumatic experiences. Current treatments, including therapy and medications, are not always fully effective. Research suggests that people with PTSD have difficulty learning to stop fearing things related to their trauma (fear extinction). Reduced activity in a specific brain area (the medial prefrontal cortex) may play a role in this difficulty, helping explain why some people develop PTSD after trauma.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Psychological therapies for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents.

Author: GilliesDonna, TaylorFiona, GrayCarl, O'BrienLouise, D'AbrewNatalie

PTSD treatment

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common in children and teens who have experienced traumatic events and has significant personal and health costs. While many types of therapy have been used to treat PTSD in young people, there is no comprehensive review of the evidence for these therapies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

11.

PTSD risk and mental health care engagement in a multi-war era community sample of women veterans.

Author: WashingtonDonna L, DavisTeri D, Der-MartirosianClaudia, YanoElizabeth M

PTSD treatment
VA healthcare
Low income barrier
Non-VA provider unawareness

More than one in eight women veterans screened positive for PTSD. While the majority of VA users received mental healthcare, only a minority of non-VA users received services.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

13.

Randomized controlled trial of accelerated resolution therapy (ART) for symptoms of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Author: KipKevin E, RosenzweigLaney, HernandezDiego F, ShumanAmy, SullivanKelly L, LongChristopher J, TaylorJames, McGheeStephen, GirlingSue Ann, WittenbergTrudy, SahebzamaniFrances M, LengacherCecile A, KadelRajendra, DiamondDavid M

PTSD treatment

This randomized controlled trial evaluated Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) for the treatment of combat-related psychological trauma. The study found that ART was effective in reducing symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and trauma-related guilt, and was delivered in significantly less time than therapies endorsed by the Department of Defense and Veterans Administration.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

14.

Associations between post-traumatic stress symptoms, stimulant use, and treatment outcomes: a secondary analysis of NIDA's Women and Trauma study.

Author: RuglassLesia M, HienDenise A, HuMei-Chen, CampbellAimee N C

SS effective for stimulant use

Seeking Safety, a cognitive-behavioral intervention, was more effective than Women's Health Education in reducing stimulant use at follow-up among women who were heavy stimulant users at pre-treatment and who showed improvements in PTSD symptoms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

15.

Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults.

Author: BissonJonathan I, RobertsNeil P, AndrewMartin, CooperRosalind, LewisCatrin

PTSD treatment

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a distressing condition often treated with therapy. Previous research has shown that therapy can be effective, with therapies that focus on the trauma being more beneficial than those that don't. This review updates previous findings on the effectiveness of therapy for PTSD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

16.

Review of the effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation for post-traumatic stress disorder.

Author: KarsenEthan F, WattsBradley V, HoltzheimerPaul E

TMS for PTSD

A review of 8 primary studies and 3 meta-analyses evaluating the effectiveness of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) found that TMS appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment. The studies suggest that right-sided TMS may be more effective than left-sided treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

17.

Randomized Controlled Trial of Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents Exposed to Tsunami in Thailand.

Author: PityaratstianNuttorn, PiyasilVinadda, KetumarnPanom, SitdhiraksaNanthawat, UlarntinonSirirat, PariwatcharakulPornjira

PTSD treatment

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common in children and teens after natural disasters. While cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be effective, providing CBT on a large scale in disaster situations with limited resources, such as the 2004 tsunami, is a significant challenge.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy for adolescents and young adults with PTSD symptoms after physical and sexual abuse: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Author: RosnerRita, KönigHans-Helmut, NeunerFrank, SchmidtUlrike, SteilRegina

PTSD treatment

This study aims to evaluate a new therapy called Developmentally Adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy (D-CPT) for adolescents and young adults with PTSD caused by childhood sexual or physical abuse. The study will investigate the effectiveness of the therapy, as well as its impact on related factors like epigenetic changes, healthcare costs, and cognitive functioning. The researchers hope that early treatment for PTSD may prevent future mental health problems.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Effects of cognitive processing therapy on PTSD-related negative cognitions in veterans with military sexual trauma.

Author: HollidayRyan, Link-MalcolmJessica, MorrisElizabeth E, SurísAlina

Cognitive processing therapy
Military sexual trauma
Post-traumatic stress disorder

This study found that cognitive processing therapy (CPT) was more effective at reducing negative thoughts (NCs) in veterans with PTSD related to military sexual trauma (MST) compared to present-centered therapy. Participants in the CPT group had significantly lower NC scores after treatment and at follow-up. The study also found a strong link between negative thoughts and PTSD severity. These findings highlight the importance of addressing negative thoughts in PTSD treatment and suggest potential implications for both MST-related and non-MST-related PTSD.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

20.

Pharmacotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: HoskinsMathew, PearceJennifer, BethellAndrew, DankovaLiliya, BarbuiCorrado, TolWietse A, van OmmerenMark, de JongJoop, SeedatSoraya, ChenHanhui, BissonJonathan I

Reduced PTSD symptoms
Small effect size

Some drugs have a small positive impact on PTSD symptoms. Fluoxetine, paroxetine and venlafaxine may be considered as potential treatments for the disorder. For most drugs there is inadequate evidence regarding efficacy for PTSD, pointing to the need for more research in this area.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

21.

Cost-Effectiveness of Integrating Tobacco Cessation Into Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment.

Author: BarnettPaul G, JeffersAbra, SmithMark W, ChowBruce K, McFallMiles, SaxonAndrew J

Improved quality of life
Improved smoking cessation
Increased cost of smoking cessation services

Smoking cessation integrated with treatment for PTSD was cost-effective, but less cost-effective than most other smoking cessation programs reported in the literature.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

22.

Sexual problems and post-traumatic stress disorder following sexual trauma: A meta-analytic review.

Author: O'DriscollCiarán, FlanaganEsther

Sexual function improvement

This study investigates whether psychological treatments for PTSD caused by sexual trauma improve sexual functioning. While sexual problems are common after trauma, they are often overlooked in treatment. This review specifically examines how treatment for PTSD impacts sexual function.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

23.

Treatment-refractory posttraumatic stress disorder (TRPTSD): a review and framework for the future.

Author: KoekRalph J, SchwartzHolly N, ScullyStephenie, LangevinJean-Philippe, SpanglerShana, KorotinskyArkady, JouKevin, LeuchterAndrew

PRX for PTSD
SRT for PTSD
Trauma-focused psychotherapy for PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health condition following traumatic events. While therapy is often recommended, many people need medication. Currently, only two medications are approved in the US for PTSD, but many people don't respond. This review examined research on other medications for PTSD that did not respond to standard treatments, and explored factors influencing treatment-resistant PTSD, the brain mechanisms involved, and alternative therapy approaches.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

24.

Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid substance use disorder.

Author: RobertsNeil P, RobertsPamela A, JonesNeil, BissonJonathan I

PTSD/SUD treatment

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) often occur together, making treatment more challenging and leading to poorer outcomes. While several psychological therapies have been developed for this combination, there is no clear agreement on which ones are most effective.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

25.

Prolonged exposure and EMDR for PTSD v. a PTSD waiting-list condition: effects on symptoms of psychosis, depression and social functioning in patients with chronic psychotic disorders.

Author: de BontP A J M, van den BergD P G, van der VleugelB M, de RoosC, de JonghA, van der GaagM, van MinnenA M

EMDR effective
PE effective
Remission from schizophrenia

Prolonged exposure (PE) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) reduced PTSD symptoms and paranoid thoughts in patients with chronic psychotic disorders. More patients in the PE and EMDR groups achieved remission from their psychotic disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

26.

Effectiveness of trauma-focused treatment for patients with psychosis with and without the dissociative subtype of post-traumatic stress disorder.

Author: van MinnenA, van der VleugelB M, van den BergD P G, de BontP A J M, de RoosC, van der GaagM, de JonghA

PTSD treatment

This study examined the effectiveness of trauma-focused therapies (prolonged exposure and EMDR) in treating PTSD with psychosis. It found that patients with the dissociative subtype of PTSD, a new category, showed significant improvements in their symptoms, similar to those without the dissociative subtype. This suggests that patients with the dissociative subtype of PTSD benefit from these therapies and should not be excluded from treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

27.

Cognitive therapy as an early treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial addressing preliminary efficacy and mechanisms of action.

Author: Meiser-StedmanRichard, SmithPatrick, McKinnonAnna, DixonClare, TrickeyDavid, EhlersAnke, ClarkDavid M, BoyleAdrian, WatsonPeter, GoodyerIan, DalgleishTim

PTSD treatment

There are few effective early treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and teenagers. While some studies have looked at preventing PTSD within the first month after a traumatic event, many people naturally improve within six months. No studies have focused on treating PTSD that has already developed (2-6 months after the trauma).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

29.

Predictors of Treatment Discontinuation During Prolonged Exposure for PTSD.

Author: GrosDaniel F, AllanNicholas P, LancasterCynthia L, SzafranskiDerek D, AciernoRon

Treatment discontinuation

Disability status and treatment condition (telehealth or in person) were identified as significant predictors of treatment discontinuation during a trial of prolonged exposure (PE) therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

30.

Cost-effectiveness of cognitive therapy as an early intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents: a trial based evaluation and model.

Author: ShearerJames, PapanikolaouNestor, Meiser-StedmanRichard, McKinnonAnna, DalgleishTim, SmithPatrick, DixonClare, ByfordSarah

PTSD treatment

Untreated PTSD in children and teens is costly for families, healthcare, and society. Research has shown that cognitive therapy can be effective in treating PTSD in young people. This study aims to examine the economic impact of improving PTSD treatment for children and adolescents.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

31.

Interventions for the treatment of cancer-related traumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review of the literature.

Author: DimitrovLilia, MoschopoulouElisavet, KorszunAnia

Cancer-related PTSD treatment

This review examined studies on treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caused by cancer. While many people with cancer experience PTSD symptoms, there aren't established guidelines for treating it. The review aims to gather evidence on the effectiveness of different interventions to help develop better treatment approaches for this specific type of PTSD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

32.

Do outcomes of cognitive-behaviour therapy for co-occurring alcohol misuse and depression differ for participants with symptoms of posttraumatic stress?

Author: BaileyKylie A, BakerAmanda L, McElduffPatrick, Kay-LambkinFrances, KavanaghDavid J

Improved PTSD symptoms
Intrusions may need specific treatment

This study explored the effects of PTSD symptoms in participants seeking treatment for depression and alcohol misuse. Integrated depression and alcohol misuse CBT may be effective for PTSD symptoms, but intrusions may need to be addressed specifically.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

33.

Research Review: Psychological and psychosocial treatments for children and young people with post-traumatic stress disorder: a network meta-analysis.

Author: MavranezouliIfigeneia, Megnin-ViggarsOdette, DalyCaitlin, DiasSofia, StocktonSarah, Meiser-StedmanRichard, TrickeyDavid, PillingStephen

PTSD treatment
TF-CBT

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious and potentially long-lasting condition that can affect many young people who have experienced trauma. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) has been shown to be effective, but we don't fully understand how different psychological therapies compare to each other.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

34.

Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: LewisC, RobertsN P, SimonN, BethellA, BissonJ I

PTSD symptom reduction
i-CBT effective
Symptom relapse

Internet-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (i-CBT) may be associated with a reduction in post-treatment PTSD symptoms, but the quality of evidence is low and the maintenance of improvement at follow-up is uncertain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

35.

Couple and family therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Author: SuomiAino, EvansLynette, RodgersBryan, TaplinStephanie, CowlishawSean

PTSD treatment

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can significantly affect a person's health, mental well-being, and relationships. Various therapies for families affected by PTSD have been suggested.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

36.

Efficacy of interpersonal psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: AlthobaitiSalman, KazantzisNikolaos, Ofori-AsensoRichard, RomeroLorena, FisherJane, MillsKerry E, LiewDanny

Effective for PTSD

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) may be an effective treatment for PTSD, but clinical trials with larger sample sizes and improved methodology are required to confirm effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

37.

The impact of trauma characteristics on post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder outcomes across integrated and substance use treatments.

Author: FitzpatrickSkye, SaraiyaTanya, Lopez-CastroTeresa, RuglassLesia M, HienDenise

PTSD+SUD treatment

This study looked at whether the age at which a traumatic event occurred and the number of traumas someone experienced affect how well they respond to treatment for PTSD and substance use disorder (SUD). The study found that people who experienced trauma at a younger age had less improvement in SUD symptoms during and after treatment, regardless of whether they received treatment for both PTSD and SUD or just SUD. The number of traumas didn't affect treatment outcomes. The findings suggest that people with early-onset trauma might need more attention to improve their substance use outcomes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

38.

Psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a network meta-analysis.

Author: MavranezouliIfigeneia, Megnin-ViggarsOdette, DalyCaitlin, DiasSofia, WeltonNicky J, StocktonSarah, BhutaniGita, GreyNick, LeachJonathan, GreenbergNeil, KatonaCornelius, El-LeithySharif, PillingStephen

Improves remission rates
Reduces PTSD symptoms

Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) and trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT) appear to be the most effective treatments for reducing PTSD symptoms and improving remission rates.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

39.

A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of trial-based cognitive therapy compared to prolonged exposure for post-traumatic stress disorder: preliminary findings.

Author: DuranÉrica Panzani, CorchsFelipe, ViannaAndrea, AraújoÁlvaro Cabral, Del RealNatália, SilvaCláudio, FerreiraAna Paula, De Vitto FrancezPaula, GodóiCláudio, SilveiraHelena, MatsumotoLina, GebaraCristiane Maluhy, de Barros NetoTito Paes, ChilvarquerRaquel, de SiqueiraLuciana Lima, BernikMarcio, NetoFrancisco Lotufo

PTSD treatment

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common mental health condition that can lead to other mental health problems and affect quality of life. Prolonged exposure therapy (PE) is a standard treatment, but many people don't respond well or have symptoms return. Trial-based cognitive therapy (TBCT), a therapy that works well for depression and anxiety, has a structure that may be helpful for PTSD. This study will compare the effectiveness of TBCT and PE in treating PTSD.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

40.

Neural affective mechanisms associated with treatment responsiveness in veterans with PTSD and comorbid alcohol use disorder.

Author: HarléKatia M, SimmonsAlan N, NormanSonya B, SpadoniAndrea D

Improved PTSD treatment

This study examined the neural mechanisms associated with PTSD treatment responsiveness in Veterans with co-occurring PTSD and alcohol use disorder (AUD), finding that reduced anticipatory reactivity to trauma-related cues was associated with greater symptom reduction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

41.

Hydrocortisone administration for reducing post-traumatic stress symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author: KothgassnerOswald D, PellegriniMarie, GoreisAndreas, GiordanoVito, EdoborJoy, FischerSusanne, PlenerPaul L, HuscsavaMercedes M

PTSD treatment

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious condition that can disrupt the body's stress response system. While therapy is helpful for PTSD, we don't know much about using medications. This study will be the first to examine research on hydrocortisone, a hormone, as a potential treatment for PTSD.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

42.

The effects of narrative exposure therapy on COVID-19 patients with post-traumatic stress symptoms: A randomized controlled trial.

Author: FanYing, ShiYuxin, ZhangJun, SunDingwen, WangXuefei, FuGaizhi, MoDaorong, WenJuan, XiaoXuexia, KongLingai

NET for PTSD

This study discussed the increasing prevalence of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) following the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential effectiveness of Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) as a treatment option.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

44.

Physical Exercise as Treatment for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Author: BjörkmanFrida, EkblomÖrjan

Exercise for PTSD

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a collection of symptoms that can develop after traumatic experiences. While exercise has been shown to help with PTSD, there's no clear answer on what type of exercise is most effective. This study aimed to review research on how different types of exercise affect PTSD symptoms and other conditions that often occur alongside PTSD in adults.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

46.

Group therapy in primary care settings for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic literature review.

Author: SchleyerWilliam, ZonaKate, QuigleyDan, SpottswoodMargaret

PTSD treatment

A systematic review of 4 studies on group therapy for PTSD in primary care found that group therapy models are available and can be disseminated within primary care settings. The weighted treatment engagement rate was 65%, and each study reported significant patient improvements in PTSD symptoms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

47.

Cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder: meta-analysis.

Author: Xian-YuChen-Yang, DengNian-Jia, ZhangJin, LiHao-Yang, GaoTeng-Yu, ZhangChao, GongQin-Qin

CBT for PTSD in children and adolescents

This meta-analysis examined previous research on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents, who often experience PTSD along with depression and anxiety after traumatic events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

48.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder.

Author: RobertsNeil P, LotzinAnnett, SchäferIngo

Reduced PTSD
Reduced substance use
High dropout rate

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of psychological interventions for comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD). The review found that trauma-focused therapy and integrated cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) may improve PTSD symptoms, but dropout rates were high and average treatment effects were modest.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

49.

Augmenting trauma-focused psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder with brief aerobic exercise in Australia: a randomised clinical trial.

Author: BryantRichard A, DawsonKatie S, AzevedoSuzanna, YadavSrishti, CahillCatherine, KennyLucy, MaccallumFiona, TranJenny, RawsonNatasha, TockarJulia, GarberBenjamin, KeyanDharani

Exercise benefit
PTSD treatment

A randomized controlled trial of 130 participants with PTSD found that brief aerobic exercise augmented the long-term gains of exposure therapy. The exercise group showed greater reductions in PTSD severity at the 6-month follow-up compared to the stretching group.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

50.

Efficacy of psychological interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents exposed to single versus multiple traumas: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

Author: HoppenThole H, Meiser-StedmanRichard, JensenTine K, BirkelandMarianne Skogbrott, MorinaNexhmedin

PTSD treatment

Psychological interventions for pediatric post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were found to be effective in treating PTSD, regardless of whether patients reported single or multiple traumas. However, future trials for PTSD following single-event trauma should include active control conditions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

51.

Treatment of multiple traumatized adolescents by enhancing regulation skills and reducing trauma related symptoms: rationale, study design, and methods of randomized controlled trial (the Mars-study).

Author: KnipschildRik, KlipHelen, van LeeuwaardenDoenja, van OnnaMariken J R, LindauerRamon J L, StaalWouter G, BicanicIva A E, de JonghAd

PTSD treatment

There is debate on how best to treat children and teens who have experienced multiple traumas and have PTSD. While some clinicians prefer to focus on stabilizing the child first before addressing the trauma, there's no research to support this approach. More research is needed to understand how to effectively treat children and teens with complex PTSD stemming from repeated abuse.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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