Side Effects of probenecid: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies

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This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Side Effects of probenecid: A Synthesis of Findings from 27 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

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Original Abstract of the Article

Key Research Findings

Probenecid is a medication commonly used to treat gout and to enhance the effectiveness of certain antibiotics. Many studies have shown that probenecid is a safe and effective medication; however, some side effects have been reported. 5 , 3 , , 11 , 25 , 2 , 12 . Notably, probenecid can potentially strain the kidneys, so individuals with impaired kidney function or a history of kidney stones should exercise caution. 27 .

Reasons for Side Effects

Probenecid's side effects arise from its inhibition of organic anion transport in the kidneys. Probenecid hinders organic anion transport in the renal tubules, impeding the excretion of not only probenecid itself but also other drugs and their metabolites. 27 . This can lead to the accumulation of these substances in the body, potentially causing adverse reactions.

Common Side Effects

Gastrointestinal

The most prevalent side effects of probenecid are gastrointestinal symptoms. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea have been reported. 5 , 6 .

Kidney

Probenecid can place a burden on the kidneys. Individuals with impaired kidney function or a history of kidney stones should avoid using probenecid. 27 . Additionally, probenecid can potentially impair kidney function by inhibiting organic anion transport in the kidneys. 27 .

Allergy

Probenecid can trigger allergic reactions. If you experience symptoms such as rash, itching, or difficulty breathing, seek immediate medical attention. 3 .

Other Side Effects

Probenecid can cause side effects like headache, dizziness, and fever. 5 .

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Gastrointestinal Side Effects

Taking probenecid after meals or with milk can help alleviate gastrointestinal side effects. 25 . Additionally, your doctor may need to adjust your probenecid dosage as instructed.

Kidney Side Effects

Individuals with impaired kidney function should avoid using probenecid. 27 . It's also essential to have a kidney function test before taking probenecid.

Allergy

Inform your doctor about any allergies you have before taking probenecid. 3 . Seek immediate medical attention if you experience an allergic reaction while taking probenecid.

Other Side Effects

If you experience any side effects while taking probenecid, seek immediate medical attention.

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities Across Studies

Many studies have demonstrated that probenecid is a safe and effective medication. 5 , 3 , , 11 , 25 , 2 , 12 . However, some side effects have been reported. 5 , 3 , .

Differences Across Studies

The incidence of probenecid's side effects varies across studies. This is influenced by various factors such as the study population, dosage of probenecid, and the type of concomitant medications.

Real-World Application Considerations

Probenecid is a medication used to treat gout and enhance the effectiveness of certain antibiotics. When taking probenecid, adhere strictly to your doctor's instructions and seek immediate medical attention if you experience any side effects.

Limitations of Current Research

Insufficient research has been conducted on probenecid's side effects. Further investigation is particularly necessary regarding its long-term adverse effects.

Directions for Future Research

It's crucial to unravel the mechanisms underlying probenecid's side effects and to develop novel treatments for mitigating these adverse reactions. Additionally, further research on the long-term side effects of probenecid is warranted.

Conclusion

Probenecid is a safe and effective medication used to treat gout and enhance the effectiveness of certain antibiotics. However, it can cause gastrointestinal and kidney side effects. When taking probenecid, adhere strictly to your doctor's instructions and seek immediate medical attention if you experience any side effects.

Literature analysis of 27 papers
Positive Content
24
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
3
Article Type
9
0
1
7
27
1.

Safety and tolerability of available urate-lowering drugs: a critical review.

Author: StrilchukLarysa, FogacciFederica, CiceroArrigo Fg

Gout management

This abstract discusses the importance of urate-lowering therapy (ULT) in the management of gout, a chronic illness characterized by high uric acid levels. ULT is expected to be used more widely in the future due to its potential to prevent cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic disorders associated with asymptomatic high uric acid levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

2.

Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions in oncology.

Author: McLeodH L

Treats cancer
Drug interactions

This article reviews clinically relevant drug-drug interactions involving anticancer agents. Pharmacokinetic interactions, such as alterations in absorption, catabolism, and excretion, can lead to increased toxicity or reduced anticancer activity. Pharmacodynamic interactions, such as the combination of 5-fluorouracil plus folinic acid, can enhance anticancer activity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Randomized, controlled study of the safety and efficacy of intravenous cidofovir for the treatment of relapsing cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS.

Author: LalezariJ P, HollandG N, KramerF, McKinleyG F, KemperC A, IvesD V, NelsonR, HardyW D, KuppermannB D, NorthfeltD W, YouleM, JohnsonM, LewisR A, WeinbergD V, SimonG L, WolitzR A, RubyA E, StaggR J, JaffeH S

Delays CMV retinitis progression
Probenecid reactions
Proteinuria
Serum creatinine elevation

Intravenous cidofovir was found to be effective in delaying progression of CMV retinitis in patients with AIDS. The median time to retinitis progression was not reached in the 5-mg/kg group and was 49 days in the 3-mg/kg group. Dose-dependent asymptomatic proteinuria and serum creatinine elevation were the most common adverse events thought to be related to cidofovir.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Comparison between bacampicillin and amoxycillin in treating genital and extragenital infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and pharyngeal infection with Neisseria meningitidis.

Author: EdwardsL D, GartnerT

Gonorrhea treatment
Gastrointestinal side effects

Amoxycillin and bacampicillin were found to be equally effective in treating genital gonorrhea in patients with extragenital sexual practices. Both drugs were also effective in treating extragenital gonorrhea. The most common side effect reported was gastrointestinal upset.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

7.

A controlled study of mezlocillin in uncomplicated acute gonorrhoea.

Author: KhanM H, TomkynsJ G

Improved gonorrhea
Urethritis

Mezlocillin, ampicillin plus probenecid, and procaine penicillin were equally effective in treating uncomplicated gonorrhea. Post-gonococcal urethritis was similar in all groups.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

20 years' experience with ketoprofen.

Author: VeysE M

Treats inflammatory conditions
Gastrointestinal disturbances

Ketoprofen is an effective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, with similar side effects and interactions as other NSAIDs.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

Clinical experience in the use of cefuroxime in gonorrhoea.

Author: FowlerW, RahimG, BrownJ D

Antibiotic
Treats gonorrhea

Cefuroxime was found to be effective in treating uncomplicated gonorrhoea with high cure rates and no side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Ocular side-effects from systemic HPMPC (Cidofovir) for a non-ocular cytomegalovirus infection.

Author: ScottR A, PavesioC

Ocular hypotony
Uveitis

Anterior uveitis and ocular hypotony can occur as a side effect of systemic HPMPC treatment, even without ocular cytomegalovirus infection. A case report of a patient with AIDS who developed these symptoms after 8 weeks of HPMPC treatment supports the hypothesis that the drug directly interacts with the ciliary body.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

Probenecid: an emerging tool for neuroprotection.

Author: Colín-GonzálezAna Laura, SantamaríaAbel

Anti-inflammatory
Anti-nociceptive
Antibiotic coadjutant
CNS protection
Gout treatment

This review discussed the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of action of probenecid, highlighting its potential therapeutic benefits in neurological disorders beyond its known use in gout and antibiotic co-administration.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Single-dose oral cefixime versus amoxicillin plus probenecid for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea in men.

Author: MegranD W, LefebvreK, WillettsV, BowieW R

Gonococcal urethritis treatment
Mild side effects

This study compared the effectiveness of a single dose of cefixime to a standard treatment (amoxicillin plus probenecid) in 97 men with gonorrhea. Cefixime was significantly more effective in curing gonorrhea (96 out of 97) compared to the standard treatment (44 out of 46). However, neither treatment was effective against co-infections with other bacteria. Cefixime was well-tolerated, with mild and temporary side effects. This study suggests that cefixime may be a more effective treatment for gonorrhea, with the advantage of a single-dose regimen.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients during treatment with mianserin or amitriptyline.

Author: MendlewiczJ, PinderR M, StulemeijerS M, Van DorthR

Improved depression

Mianserin and amitriptyline reduced CSF levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), but only amitriptyline lowered CSF levels of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA). Both drugs improved depression scores.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

18.

Combination of Amoxicillin 3000 mg and Probenecid Versus 1500 mg Amoxicillin Monotherapy for Treating Syphilis in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: An Open-Label, Randomized, Controlled, Non-Inferiority Trial.

Author: AndoNaokatsu, MizushimaDaisuke, OmataKazumi, NemotoTakashi, InamuraNatsumi, HiramotoSaori, TakanoMisao, AokiTakahiro, WatanabeKoji, UemuraHaruka, ShiojiriDaisuke, YanagawaYasuaki, TanumaJunko, TeruyaKatsuji, KikuchiYoshimi, GatanagaHiroyuki, OkaShinichi

Fewer side effects
High efficacy

This randomized controlled trial compared 1500 mg low-dose amoxicillin monotherapy with the combination of 3000 mg amoxicillin and probenecid for treating syphilis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The study found that amoxicillin-based regimens are effective for treating syphilis in patients with HIV infection. The study found high serological cure rates within 12 months for both low-dose amoxicillin and combination regimens. No significant side effects were detected. Non-inferiority of low-dose amoxicillin compared with amoxicillin plus probenecid overall and for early syphilis was not confirmed. Therefore, amoxicillin monotherapy could be a good alternative to intramuscular benzathine penicillin G with fewer side effects. However, further studies comparing with benzathine penicillin G in different populations and with larger sample sizes are needed.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of carprofen in gout.

Author: YüT F, PerelJ

Carprofen efficacy
Carprofen side effects

Carprofen was effective in treating acute gouty arthritis. The drug was well tolerated. Some mild diarrhea developed in one of the 14 patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

21.

Antibiotics for gonorrhoea in pregnancy.

Author: BrocklehurstP

Microbiological cure

Treatment with ceftriaxone or spectinomycin appears to have similar effectiveness in producing microbiological cure in women with genital gonococcal infection.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

22.

Comparison of minocycline and ampicillin in gonococcal urethritis.

Author: WaughM A, CookeE M, NehaulB B, BraysonJ

Effective gonorrhoea treatment
Good tolerability
PGU

Minocycline and ampicillin are both effective in treating gonorrhoea in men. There were few side effects, but PGU occurred more often after treatment with minocycline than in previous studies.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

23.

Therapy of gonorrhea. Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin.

Author: SattlerF R, RuskinJ

Effective gonorrhea treatment
Safe treatment

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was found to be as efficacious and safe as ampicillin in the treatment of gonococcal urethritis.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

A comparative study of aztreonam and procaine penicillin/probenecid in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea.

Author: MohantyK C, Deighton FimlsR, StrachanR G

Gonorrhoea treatment
Side effects

Aztreonam was effective in treating uncomplicated gonorrhoea. A single intramuscular injection of 1 g aztreonam resulted in a 99% success rate, while the penicillin treatment group had a 12.8% failure rate. Aztreonam was well tolerated and there were no side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

26.

Cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid patterns during neuroleptic treatment.

Author: BowersM B, HeningerG R

Parkinsonism reduction
Symptom reduction

Patients developing tolerance to neuroleptics showed fewer symptoms and Parkinsonian side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

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