Side Effects of raltegravir: A Synthesis of Findings from 29 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Raltegravir is a medication used to treat HIV-infected individuals, and many studies have investigated its efficacy and safety. There are many studies on the effectiveness of raltegravir, demonstrating its antiviral effect, suppression of resistance development, and safety. On the other hand, raltegravir can cause various side effects, so caution is needed. The frequency, type, and severity of side effects of raltegravir vary depending on the individual patient's condition, the amount of raltegravir taken, and the duration of administration. Side effects reported with raltegravir include gastrointestinal symptoms, neuropsychiatric symptoms, liver dysfunction, and blood abnormalities. Many of these side effects are mild and may not require discontinuation of treatment. However, the possibility of serious side effects cannot be ruled out. It is important to detect side effects of raltegravir early and provide appropriate treatment. For this, it is important to consult with your doctor or pharmacist about the side effects of raltegravir. Also, pay attention to changes in your body, and if you feel something is wrong, consult your doctor or pharmacist immediately. Raltegravir is an effective medication for many HIV-infected individuals, but it should be taken after fully understanding the potential for side effects.

Reasons for Side Effects

The exact reasons why raltegravir causes various side effects are not yet fully understood. Raltegravir is a drug that inhibits the process of viral entry into host cells in order to suppress HIV replication. However, it is thought that raltegravir may affect the human body as well when inhibiting the virus. Specifically, raltegravir may affect various organs and tissues in the body, potentially causing side effects.

Common Side Effects

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Gastrointestinal symptoms may occur with raltegravir use. For example, 26 shows that gastrointestinal side effects were reported more frequently among patients taking raltegravir. Gastrointestinal side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. These symptoms are thought to be caused by the direct action of raltegravir on the gastrointestinal tract. Also, raltegravir can induce liver enzymes, which may lead to decreased liver function and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Neuropsychiatric Symptoms

Neuropsychiatric symptoms may occur with raltegravir use. For example, 10 suggests that raltegravir may cause neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatric symptoms include insomnia, anxiety, depression, hallucinations, and delusions. These symptoms are thought to be caused by the action of raltegravir on the central nervous system. Raltegravir may also affect neurotransmitters in the brain, which may result in neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Liver Dysfunction

Liver dysfunction may occur with raltegravir use. For example, 8 reports a case of liver dysfunction after raltegravir use. Liver dysfunction is thought to be caused by the direct action of raltegravir on the liver. Raltegravir can also induce liver enzymes, which may lead to decreased liver function and liver dysfunction. Liver dysfunction can be accompanied by symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, and loss of appetite.

Blood Abnormalities

Blood abnormalities may occur with raltegravir use. For example, 29 reports a decrease in platelet count after raltegravir use. Blood abnormalities are thought to be caused by the action of raltegravir on the bone marrow. Raltegravir also has immunosuppressive effects, which may weaken the body's resistance to infection and lead to blood abnormalities. Blood abnormalities can be accompanied by symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and bleeding tendency.

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Countermeasures for Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Countermeasures for gastrointestinal symptoms include dietary therapy and drug therapy. Dietary therapy involves eating easily digestible foods, chewing food thoroughly, and eating in small portions. Drug therapy may include antiemetics and antidiarrheal agents. If gastrointestinal symptoms do not improve, consult your doctor.

Countermeasures for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms

Countermeasures for neuropsychiatric symptoms include drug therapy and psychotherapy. Drug therapy may include anxiolytics, antidepressants, and hypnotics. Psychotherapy may include cognitive behavioral therapy, or other therapies appropriate for the symptoms. If neuropsychiatric symptoms do not improve, consult your doctor.

Countermeasures for Liver Dysfunction

Countermeasures for liver dysfunction include drug therapy and dietary therapy. Drug therapy may include hepatoprotective agents. Dietary therapy requires a diet that does not burden the liver. If liver dysfunction does not improve, consult your doctor.

Countermeasures for Blood Abnormalities

Countermeasures for blood abnormalities include drug therapy and blood transfusions. Drug therapy may include hematopoietic growth factors. Blood transfusions are performed if the platelet count is significantly reduced. If blood abnormalities do not improve, consult your doctor.

Comparison Between Studies

Similarities in Studies

Multiple studies have shown that raltegravir is likely to cause gastrointestinal side effects. Also, raltegravir has been implicated as a potential cause of neuropsychiatric symptoms, liver dysfunction, and blood abnormalities. However, these side effects do not appear in all patients, and the frequency, type, and severity of side effects vary depending on the individual patient's condition, the amount of raltegravir taken, and the duration of administration.

Differences in Studies

Multiple studies have shown differences in the frequency and type of side effects of raltegravir. This is thought to be influenced by differences in study design, target patients, and administration methods. For example, 11 suggests that raltegravir is likely to cause neuropsychiatric symptoms, but shows that there were fewer reports of neuropsychiatric symptoms related to raltegravir.

Precautions for Application in Real Life

Raltegravir is an effective medication for treating HIV-infected individuals, but it can cause various side effects. When taking raltegravir, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor and take it according to your body's condition. It is also important to have sufficient knowledge about the side effects of raltegravir. Side effects of raltegravir include gastrointestinal symptoms, neuropsychiatric symptoms, liver dysfunction, and blood abnormalities. These side effects can be mild or severe. If you notice any side effects of raltegravir, consult your doctor immediately.

Limitations of Current Research

There is not enough research yet on the side effects of raltegravir. Therefore, information about the side effects of raltegravir is not yet fully understood. Future studies are expected to provide more detailed information on the frequency, type, and severity of side effects of raltegravir.

Future Research Directions

Research on the side effects of raltegravir needs to include long-term studies with more patients. It is also necessary to conduct research to elucidate the mechanism of raltegravir's side effects. These studies are expected to provide more detailed information about the side effects of raltegravir and lead to the development of safer treatment methods.

Conclusion

Raltegravir is an effective medication for treating HIV-infected individuals, but it can cause various side effects. Side effects of raltegravir include gastrointestinal symptoms, neuropsychiatric symptoms, liver dysfunction, and blood abnormalities. These side effects can be mild or severe. If you notice any side effects of raltegravir, consult your doctor immediately. There is not enough research yet on the side effects of raltegravir. Therefore, information about the side effects of raltegravir is not yet fully understood. Future studies are expected to provide more detailed information on the frequency, type, and severity of side effects of raltegravir.

Literature analysis of 29 papers
Positive Content
23
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
5
Article Type
3
0
1
6
28
1.

Side effects of low-dose pyridostigmine bromide are not related to cholinesterase inhibition.

Author: CookM R, GerkovichM M, SastreA, GrahamC

Chemical warfare protection
Side effects

Pyridostigmine bromide (PB) is used to protect against chemical warfare attacks. This study aimed to determine the side effects of low-dose PB, including their type, intensity, and frequency. It also aimed to identify factors predicting the side effects' intensity and frequency.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

3.

Efficacy and safety of raltegravir plus lamivudine maintenance therapy.

Author: BorjabadBeatriz, InciarteAlexy, ChiviteIvan, Gonzalez-CordonAna, MosqueraMar, HurtadoCarmen, RoviraCristina, GonzalezTania, SempereAbiu, TorresBerta, CalvoJulia, De La MoraLorena, Martinez-RebollarMaria, LagunoMontserrat, FoncillasAlberto, AmbrosioniJuan, BlanchJordi, RodriguezAna, SolbesEstela, LlobetRoger, BerrocalLeire, MallolasJosep, MiroJose M, AlcamiJose, BlancoJose L, Sanchez-PalominoSonsoles, De LazzariElisa, MartinezEsteban

HIV treatment
Medication burden
Treatment failure

This study found that switching to raltegravir plus lamivudine in virologically suppressed persons with HIV (PWH) maintained efficacy and was well tolerated for 48 weeks.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

Effectiveness and safety of dolutegravir and raltegravir for treating children and adolescents living with HIV: a systematic review.

Author: TownsendClaire L, O'RourkeJohn, MilanziEdith, CollinsIntira Jeannie, JuddAli, CastroHannah, VicariMarissa, JessonJulie, LeroyValériane, RenaudFrançoise, PenazzatoMartina

HIV treatment efficacy
HIV treatment safety

This systematic review assesses the effectiveness and safety of dolutegravir and raltegravir, two integrase strand transfer inhibitors, in children and adolescents living with HIV. Dolutegravir and raltegravir are increasingly used in pediatric HIV treatment, but more information is needed about their efficacy and safety in this population. This review aims to provide evidence-based recommendations for the use of these medications in children and adolescents.

Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Integrase Inhibitors are Associated with Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Women with HIV.

Author: RubinLeah H, O'HalloranJane A, WilliamsDionna W, LiYuliang, FitzgeraldKathryn C, DastgheybRaha, DamronAlexandra L, MakiPauline M, SpenceAmanda B, SharmaAnjali, GustafsonDeborah R, MilamJoel, WeberKathleen M, AdimoraAdaora A, OfotokunIgho, FischlMargaret A, Konkle-ParkerDeborah, XuYanxun

Neuropsychiatric symptoms

This study investigated the association between integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and neuropsychiatric symptoms in women with HIV (WWH). INSTIs, but not efavirenz, were associated with increased stress, anxiety, and avoidance symptoms in certain subgroups of WWH.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

7.

Hypersensitivity reactions, hepatotoxicity, and other discontinuations in persons receiving integrase strand transfer inhibitors: results from the EuroSIDA study.

Author: Pelchen-MatthewsAnnegret, LarsenJakob Friis, ShepherdLeah, BegovacJosip, PedersenKaren, De WitStéphane, HorbanAndrzej, JablonowskaElzbieta, JohnsonMargaret, KhromovaIrina, LossoMarcelo H, NielsenLars N, RidolfoAnna Lisa, SchmiedBrigitte, StephanChristoph, YustIsrael, CurtisLloyd, VannappagariVani, RagoneLeigh, RoenAshley, RabenDorthe, KirkOle, PetersLars, MocroftAmanda,

ART treatment
HSR
Hepatotoxicity

This study compared discontinuations due to hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) or hepatotoxicity among users of dolutegravir (DTG) vs. raltegravir (RAL) or elvitegravir (EVG) in the EuroSIDA cohort. During 5 years of observations, independently reviewed discontinuations due to HSR or hepatotoxicity were very rare, indicating a low rate of serious adverse events (SAEs).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Combination antiretroviral therapy improves recurrent primary biliary cholangitis following liver transplantation.

Author: LytvyakEllina, NiaziMina, PaiRohit, HeDaniel, ZhangGuangzhi, HübscherStefan G, MasonAndrew L

rPBC management
Side effects

Combination antiretroviral therapy, specifically tenofovir/emtricitabine-based regimens with lopinavir or raltegravir, was used to manage recurrent primary biliary cholangitis in two patients. It resulted in sustained biochemical and histological improvement but was associated with side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Update on Adverse Effects of HIV Integrase Inhibitors.

Author: KolakowskaAgnieszka, MarescaAnaenza Freire, CollinsIntira Jeannie, CailholJohann

Improved HIV treatment
Neuropsychiatric events
Weight gain

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are commonly used to treat HIV infection. This review summarizes recent studies on the neuropsychiatric and weight gain side effects of INSTIs in adults, pregnant women, and children/adolescents.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

12.

Starting or Switching to an Integrase Inhibitor-Based Regimen Affects PTSD Symptoms in Women with HIV.

Author: KamkwalalaAsante R, WangKunbo, O'HalloranJane, WilliamsDionna W, DastgheybRaha, FitzgeraldKathryn C, SpenceAmanda B, MakiPauline M, GustafsonDeborah R, MilamJoel, SharmaAnjali, WeberKathleen M, AdimoraAdaora A, OfotokunIgho, ShethAnandi N, LahiriCecile D, FischlMargaret A, Konkle-ParkerDeborah, XuYanxun, RubinLeah H

improved PTSD symptoms
CNS side-effects
mood and anxiety disorders

Integrase inhibitor (INSTI)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) may affect post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in women with HIV (WWH). This study found that elvitegravir (EVG)-based ART improved PTSD symptoms, while raltegravir (RAL) showed mixed results and dolutegravir (DTG) either had no effect or worsened symptoms. Further research is needed to understand these differential effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Safety and efficacy of elvitegravir, dolutegravir, and raltegravir in a real-world cohort of treatment-naïve and -experienced patients.

Author: BrehmThomas Theo, FranzMarleen, HüfnerAnja, HertlingSandra, SchmiedelStefan, DegenOlaf, KreuelsBenno, Schulze Zur WieschJulian

Effective treatment
Virological suppression
Neuropsychiatric effects
Side effects

This study compared the effectiveness and safety of three medications used to treat HIV: elvitegravir (EVG), dolutegravir (DTG), and raltegravir (RAL). All three medications were found to be effective and safe, although DTG was associated with a slightly higher risk of neuropsychiatric side effects, such as depression, dizziness, and sleep problems.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Pragmatic Clinical TrialA trial conducted in a real-world clinical setting. It evaluates the effectiveness of interventions in everyday healthcare environments.

Language : English

15.

Treatment of Central Nervous System Manifestations of HIV in the Current Era.

Author: HandokoRyan, SpudichSerena

HIV treatment
Neuropsychiatric adverse effects
Neurotoxicity
Sleep disturbances

Neurological, neurocognitive, and neuropsychiatric impairment in HIV infection can be complex to treat due to multiple potential causes. This review emphasizes the importance of ruling out other neuroinfectious etiologies and evaluating HIV replication in the CNS. It also discusses the potential for neurotoxicity from antiretroviral (ARV) medications.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

16.

The comparative effectiveness of NRTI-sparing dual regimens in emulated trials using observational data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study.

Author: YoungJim, ScherrerAlexandra U, CalmyAlexandra, TarrPhilip E, BernasconiEnos, CavassiniMatthias, HachfeldAnna, VernazzaPietro, GünthardHuldrych F, BucherHeiner C,

Virological failure reduction
NRTI side effects

Dolutegravir dual regimens are not inferior to alternative NRTI-sparing dual regimens for patients with HIV. The estimated difference in effectiveness was 15% and 12% for partly NRTI-sparing regimens and 9% and 5% for fully NRTI-sparing regimens.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Morphine counteracts the antiviral effect of antiretroviral drugs and causes upregulation of p62/SQSTM1 and histone-modifying enzymes in HIV-infected astrocytes.

Author: RodriguezMyosotys, LapierreJessica, OjhaChet Raj, PawitwarShashank, KaruppanMohan Kumar Muthu, KashanchiFatah, El-HageNazira

HIV replication inhibition
Mitochondrial damage
Neurological disorder

Antiretroviral drugs, specifically emtricitabine, ritonavir, and atazanavir, showed anti-HIV effects in HIV-infected human astrocytes. However, co-exposure with morphine negated these effects, leading to increased viral replication and inflammation. This suggests that opioid co-exposure may exacerbate the neurological complications associated with long-term antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected individuals.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

PF74 Inhibits HIV-1 Integration by Altering the Composition of the Preintegration Complex.

Author: BalasubramaniamMuthukumar, ZhouJing, AddaiAmma, MartinezPhillip, PandhareJui, AikenChristopher, DashChandravanu

HIV-1 inhibition
drug resistance

This study demonstrates that PF74, a capsid inhibitor, directly inhibits HIV-1 integration, highlighting a novel role of the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) in post-nuclear entry steps of infection. PF74 significantly reduced proviral integration by inhibiting nuclear entry and/or integration, suggesting its potential as a new class of antivirals.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors and neuropsychiatric adverse events in a large prospective cohort.

Author: CuzinLise, PugliesePascal, KatlamaChristine, Bani-SadrFirouzé, FerryTristan, ReyDavid, LourencoJeremy, BregigeonSylvie, AllavenaClotilde, ReynesJacques, CabiéAndré,

Reduced side effects
Dolutegravir risk
Neuropsychiatric effects

Dolutegravir was associated with a lower discontinuation rate due to side effects compared to elvitegravir, but a higher discontinuation rate due to neuropsychiatric adverse events (2.7%). No patient characteristics were found to be associated with these adverse events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

21.

A Review on Quinoline Derived Scaffolds as Anti-HIV Agents.

Author: ChokkarNisha, KalraSourav, ChauhanMonika, KumarRaj

Anti-HIV therapy

Quinoline derivatives are promising anti-HIV agents, with elvitegravir being a potent HIV-integrase inhibitor, and other quinoline-based derivatives in various stages of drug discovery.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Reciprocal Effects of Antiretroviral Drugs Used To Treat HIV Infection on the Fibroblast Growth Factor 21/β-Klotho System.

Author: MoureRicardo, DomingoPere, VillarroyaJoan, GasaLaura, Gallego-EscuredoJosé M, Quesada-LópezTania, Morón-RosSamantha, MarotoAlberto F, MateoGracia M, DomingoJoan C, VillarroyaFrancesc, GiraltMarta

Endoplasmic reticulum stress
FGF21 resistance
Oxidative stress

Certain antiretroviral medications can affect FGF21 and KLB levels, which could lead to complications for HIV-infected patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Raltegravir versus lopinavir/ritonavir for treatment of HIV-infected late-presenting pregnant women.

Author: BritesCarlos, NóbregaIsabella, LuzEstela, TravassosAna Gabriela, LorenzoCynthia, NettoEduardo M

HIV-1 mother-to-child-transmission prevention
Gastrointestinal adverse events

This pilot randomized trial compared the safety and efficacy of raltegravir versus lopinavir/ritonavir for treating late-presenting pregnant women with HIV-1 infection. Late-presenting women present a challenge for preventing mother-to-child transmission due to late diagnosis and potential for higher viral load. Raltegravir demonstrated significantly higher virological suppression rates at delivery (76.5%) compared to lopinavir/ritonavir (25.0%). Raltegravir was also associated with fewer gastrointestinal side effects. The findings suggest that raltegravir could be a first-line treatment option for late-presenting pregnant women with HIV-1 infection.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Adverse drug reactions to integrase strand transfer inhibitors.

Author: LepikKatherine J, YipBenita, UlloaAna C, WangLu, ToyJunine, AkagiLinda, LimaViviane Dias, GuillemiSilvia, MontanerJulio S G, BarriosRolando

HIV treatment
Fatigue
Gastrointestinal ADR
Malaise
Neuropsychiatric ADR

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) were generally well tolerated, but elvitegravir-cobicistat was associated with a higher rate of gastrointestinal and general adverse drug reactions compared to dolutegravir.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

26.

Short-term cost and efficiency analysis of raltegravir versus atazanavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir for treatment-naive adults with HIV-1 infection in Spain.

Author: DavisAshley E, BroganAnita J, GoodwinBridgett, NoceaGonzalo, LozanoVirginia

HIV-1 treatment

Raltegravir, when used in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir DF, demonstrated superior virologic efficacy and tolerability compared to atazanavir/ritonavir and darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive adults with HIV-1 infection in a 96-week clinical trial. This study aimed to estimate the efficiency of these three regimens in Spain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

Lopinavir plus nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, lopinavir plus raltegravir, or lopinavir monotherapy for second-line treatment of HIV (EARNEST): 144-week follow-up results from a randomised controlled trial.

Author: HakimJames G, ThompsonJennifer, KityoCissy, HoppeAnne, KambuguAndrew, van OosterhoutJoep J, LugemwaAbbas, SiikaAbraham, MwebazeRaymond, MweembaAggrey, AbongomeraGeorge, ThomasonMargaret J, EasterbrookPhilippa, MugyenyiPeter, WalkerA Sarah, PatonNicholas I,

Treat HIV

A new HIV treatment option, boosted protease inhibitor plus raltegravir, was compared to the standard protease inhibitor plus two nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) second-line combination after 144 weeks. The study aimed to determine if the new treatment offered any advantages.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

28.

Role of Raltegravir in patients co-infected with HIV and HCV in the era of direct antiviral agents.

Author: TaramassoLucia, CenderelloGiovanni, RiccardiNiccolò, TunesiSimone, Di BiagioAntonio

Raltegravir (RAL) is a well-tolerated integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) commonly used in HIV/HCV-co-infected patients. RAL is safe to use during HCV treatment with direct-acting agents (DAAs) and can be considered a temporary regimen in patients without major integrase-inhibitor mutations.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

29.

Long-Term Treatment With Raltegravir is Associated with Lower Triglycerides and Platelets Count in the Older HIV+ Population: Results from the Ral-Age Study.

Author: PavonePaolo, GiustiniNoemi, FimianiCaterina, PaolettiFrancesca, FalcianoMario, SalottiAlessandra, Di SoraFiorella, Al MoghaziSamir, MezzaromaIvano, VulloVincenzo, d'EttorreGabriella

Nucleoside-sparing regimens
Raltegravir-based regimens
Limited side effects

This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of raltegravir-based antiretroviral regimens in HIV-positive patients over 60 years old. The results suggest that raltegravir-based regimens are well-tolerated and effective in this population.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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