Side Effects of riluzole: A Synthesis of Findings from 29 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Riluzole has been researched as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as an augmentation agent for serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) in the treatment of refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and for the treatment of spasticity due to spinal cord injury. 21 , 26

Reasons for Side Effects

Riluzole's side effects are thought to be related to its mechanism of action. Riluzole inhibits the release of glutamate, a neurotransmitter. Glutamate is involved in the excitability of nerve cells, and excessive glutamate release can overexcite nerve cells, potentially causing damage. It is believed that riluzole's side effects occur as a result of inhibiting glutamate release and suppressing the excitability of nerve cells.

Common Side Effects

Gastrointestinal

The most commonly reported side effects of riluzole are gastrointestinal side effects. 1 , 3 , 10 , 5 , 19 Specifically, these include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation, and diarrhea.

Liver

Riluzole can put a strain on the liver, potentially causing liver dysfunction. 1 , 3 , 2 , 5 Liver dysfunction manifests as elevated liver enzyme levels.

Blood

Riluzole can reduce the number of white blood cells in the blood. 1 , 2 White blood cell count is an indicator of resistance to infection, and a decrease in white blood cell count makes one more susceptible to infection.

Nervous System

Riluzole can cause nervous system side effects such as dizziness, headache, unsteadiness, and drowsiness. 1 , 3 , 4 , 16

Other

Riluzole can also cause side effects such as rash, itching, weight loss, and fatigue. 1 , 3 , 2 , 5

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Gastrointestinal

If you are concerned about gastrointestinal side effects, consult your doctor. Your doctor may prescribe medications to alleviate your symptoms or give you dietary advice.

Liver

If you are concerned about liver side effects, consult your doctor. Your doctor will perform liver function tests to determine if you need medication to reduce the burden on your liver.

Blood

If you are concerned about blood side effects, consult your doctor. Your doctor will perform blood tests to check if your white blood cell count is low. If necessary, they will prescribe medication to increase your white blood cell count.

Nervous System

If you are concerned about nervous system side effects, consult your doctor. Your doctor may prescribe medications to alleviate your symptoms or give you advice on lifestyle changes.

Other

If you are concerned about other side effects, consult your doctor. Your doctor will identify the cause of the side effects and advise you on the appropriate course of action.

Comparison Between Studies

Commonalities

Multiple studies have shown that riluzole can cause side effects in the gastrointestinal system, liver, blood, and nervous system. 1 , 3 , 2 , 5 , 19 It is also common that riluzole is a generally well-tolerated drug.

Differences

There are differences in the frequency and type of side effects of riluzole depending on the study. For example, some studies reported liver dysfunction with riluzole, while others did not. 1 , 3 , 2 , 5 This may be because the incidence of riluzole side effects may vary depending on factors such as study design and participant characteristics.

Points to Note for Real-Life Application

Riluzole is an effective medication, but it also carries the risk of side effects. When taking riluzole, be sure to follow your doctor's instructions carefully, and if you experience any side effects, consult your doctor immediately.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on riluzole's side effects is still insufficient. In particular, further research is needed on the side effects of long-term riluzole use.

Future Research Directions

Future research is needed to further investigate riluzole's side effects.

  • Research investigating side effects from long-term riluzole use
  • Research elucidating the mechanisms of riluzole side effect development
  • Research developing methods to mitigate riluzole side effects

Conclusion

Riluzole is an effective medication for the treatment of ALS, OCD, and spasticity due to spinal cord injury, but it also carries the risk of side effects. When taking riluzole, be sure to follow your doctor's instructions carefully, and if you experience any side effects, consult your doctor immediately. Research on riluzole's side effects is still insufficient. Future research needs to further clarify the safety and efficacy of riluzole.

Literature analysis of 29 papers
Positive Content
23
Neutral Content
3
Negative Content
3
Article Type
8
1
1
6
29
1.

[Adverse efects of riluzole (Rilutek) in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis].

Author: Roch-TorreillesI, CamuW, Hillaire-BuysD

ALS treatment
Potential for other neurodegenerative diseases
Asthenia
Dermatological
Gastrointestinal disturbances
Hematological
Hepatotoxicity
Metabolic
Neuropsychiatric

Riluzole, a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), was found to have an acceptable safety profile in a study of 153 patients. The most frequent side effects were gastrointestinal disturbances, hepatotoxicity, and asthenia.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : French

2.

Riluzole therapy for motor neurone disease: an early Australian experience (1996-2002).

Author: ZoingMargie C, BurkeDavid, PamphlettRoger, KiernanMatthew C

Treats MND

Riluzole was generally tolerated well by patients with motor neurone disease (MND).

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

3.

Riluzole serum concentrations in patients with ALS: associations with side effects and symptoms.

Author: GroeneveldG J, Van KanH J M, KalmijnS, VeldinkJ H, GuchelaarH-J, WokkeJ H J, Van den BergL H

Improved ALS survival
Diarrhea

Riluzole is a drug used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study found that patients with higher riluzole serum levels experienced more diarrhea but fewer fasciculations and muscle stiffness. This suggests that increasing riluzole dosage in patients with low serum concentrations may be beneficial.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Riluzole blocks human muscle acetylcholine receptors.

Author: DeflorioCristina, PalmaEleonora, ContiLuca, RosetiCristina, MantecaAlessia, GiacomelliElena, CatalanoMyriam, LimatolaCristina, InghilleriMaurizio, GrassiFrancesca

ALS treatment
Neuromuscular transmission

Riluzole, the only available drug for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), has been shown to block muscle ACh receptors (AChRs). This study investigated riluzole's effect on muscle AChRs in vitro and neuromuscular transmission in ALS patients. While riluzole may affect AChR function in denervated muscle fibers, the study found no alterations in compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) after a week of riluzole treatment suspension, suggesting that riluzole is safe for synaptic transmission in ALS patients.

Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Riluzole-induced recurrent pancreatitis.

Author: Falcão de CamposCatarina, de CarvalhoMamede

ALS treatment
Pancreatitis
Riluzole

Two patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) who were treated with riluzole developed recurrent acute pancreatitis (AP). This suggests that AP may be a rare, serious side effect of riluzole, and that the drug should be discontinued in patients who develop AP.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

Real-world safety profile of riluzole: a systematic analysis of data from the FAERS database and case reports.

Author: SunZhuo, LiuXin, AnPengjiao, ZhangBo

Pancreatitis
Respiratory symptoms

This study investigated the safety profile of riluzole using data from the FDA adverse event reporting system database (FAERS) and published case reports. Strong ADRs between riluzole and pancreatitis were identified. Riluzole may also increase the risk of inflammatory reactions and inappropriate vasopressin secretion.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

The unfolded protein response in amyotrophic later sclerosis: results of a phase 2 trial.

Author: Dalla BellaEleonora, BersanoEnrica, AntoniniGiovanni, BorgheroGiuseppe, CapassoMargherita, CaponnettoClaudia, ChiòAdriano, CorboMassimo, FilostoMassimiliano, GianniniFabio, SpataroRossella, LunettaChristian, MandrioliJessica, MessinaSonia, MonsurròMaria Rosaria, MoraGabriele, RivaNilo, RizziRomana, SicilianoGabriele, SilaniVincenzo, SimoneIsabella, SorarùGianni, TugnoliValeria, VerrielloLorenzo, VolantiPaolo, FurlanRoberto, NolanJohn M, AbgueguenEmmanuelle, TramacereIrene, LauriaGiuseppe

Reduces neuronal death
Drug-related side effects

This study investigated the safety and efficacy of guanabenz, an endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor, in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The results suggest that guanabenz may slow disease progression, particularly in patients with bulbar onset, but with potential side effects.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIA Phase II trial is a trial that further evaluates the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose safety has been confirmed to some extent in a Phase I trial, in a small number of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Efficacy and safety of xaliproden in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: results of two phase III trials.

Author: MeiningerVincent, BensimonGilbert, BradleyWalter R, BrooksBenjamin, DouilletPatrice, EisenAndrew A, LacomblezLucette, LeighP Nigel, RobberechtWim

ALS treatment
Serotonergic side effects

Two studies were conducted with xaliproden, a drug with a neurotrophic effect, to assess its efficacy and safety in treating amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

A pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of indinavir in patients with ALS.

Author: ScelsaS N, MacGowanD J L, MitsumotoH, ImperatoT, LeValleyA J, LiuM H, DelBeneM, KimM Y

Gastrointestinal side effects
Nephrolithiasis

Indinavir, a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV-1 infection, was investigated in a trial for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While indinavir was generally safe, it was not effective in treating ALS and caused nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) and gastrointestinal side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Do the benefits of currently available treatments justify early diagnosis and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? Arguments against.

Author: LudolphA C, RiepeM W

Early treatment potential
Neuroprotection
Premature treatment
Riluzole side effects

This article discusses the potential arguments against early neuroprotective treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The controversies surrounding the clinical neuroprotective effects of riluzole are highlighted.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

12.

Inter- and intraindividual variability of riluzole serum concentrations in patients with ALS.

Author: GroeneveldG J, van KanH J, TorañoJ S, VeldinkJ H, GuchelaarH J, WokkeJ H, van den BergL H

The study determined the inter- and intraindividual variability of serum and plasma levels of riluzole in 21 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The interindividual variability of peak serum levels was significantly larger than the intraindividual variability. This finding suggests that individual dosing of riluzole may be necessary to optimize its efficacy and minimize side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

The use of integrative therapies in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in shanghai, china.

Author: PanWeidong, ChenXiangjun, BaoJie, BaiYu, LuHua, WangQiudong, LiuYi, YuanCanxing, LiWenwei, LiuZhenguo, LiuJun, ZhuXuying, QinBaofeng, CaiDingfang, ZhouHua

ALS treatment

Integrative therapies (IT) are commonly used by patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in Shanghai. Vitamins and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) are the most used IT.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

Efficacy and tolerability of riluzole in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis.

Author: de BoerJ N, VingerhoetsC, HirdesM, McAlonanG M, AmelsvoortT V, ZinkstokJ R

Depression treatment
OCD treatment

Riluzole, a glutamatergic drug, showed positive effects in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, autism, substance abuse, and schizophrenia, though further research is needed to confirm its effectiveness.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

18.

Riluzole and edaravone: A tale of two amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drugs.

Author: JaiswalManoj Kumar

ALS treatment
Halts progression
Survival benefit
Drug development challenges
Side effects

Riluzole and edaravone are the only two drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Riluzole has modest benefits on survival, while edaravone is effective in halting ALS progression during the early stages.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

Analysis of riluzole's profile of use in a Central Hospital in Lisbon.

Author: ParólaAna, de Palhares FalcãoFátima da Silva Mousinho, FarinhaHelena, CaetanoAndré, SantosLuís, MedeirosElmira, Viana-BaptistaMiguel

Prolonged survival

This study aims to characterize riluzole's use and user population in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), highlighting its efficacy in prolonging life and delaying the need for mechanical ventilation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

KNS-760704 [(6R)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-N6-propyl-2, 6-benzothiazole-diamine dihydrochloride monohydrate] for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Author: GribkoffValentin K, BozikMichael E

ALS treatment
Neuroprotection
Dopaminergic side effects

KNS-760704, a synthetic amino-benzothiazole, is being developed as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The study reviewed data supporting the hypothesis that KNS-760704 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Riluzole for relapse prevention following intravenous ketamine in treatment-resistant depression: a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled continuation trial.

Author: MathewSanjay J, MurroughJames W, aan het RotMarije, CollinsKatherine A, ReichDavid L, CharneyDennis S

Antidepressant effect
Psychotomimetic effects

Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, may have rapid antidepressant effects. In this study, a single dose of ketamine was effective in reducing depression symptoms in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. However, riluzole, a glutamate-modulating agent, did not prevent relapse after ketamine treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Minocycline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a pilot study.

Author: PontieriF E, RicciA, PellicanoC, BenincasaD, ButtarelliF R

ALS treatment safety

This pilot study investigated the safety of combined treatment with minocycline and riluzole in ALS patients and found no significant side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

24.

High dose vitamin E therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as add-on therapy to riluzole: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study.

Author: GrafM, EckerD, HorowskiR, KramerB, RiedererP, GerlachM, HagerC, LudolphA C, BeckerG, OsterhageJ, JostW H, SchrankB, SteinC, KostopulosP, LubikS, WekwerthK, DenglerR, TroegerM, WuerzA, HogeA, SchraderC, SchimkeN, KrampflK, PetriS, ZierzS, EgerK, NeudeckerS, TraufellerK, SievertM, NeundörferB, HechtM,

Disease progression slowing

In a clinical trial, vitamin E supplementation added to riluzole did not show significant efficacy in slowing down disease progression in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

25.

Two cellular hypotheses explaining the initiation of ketamine's antidepressant actions: Direct inhibition and disinhibition.

Author: MillerOliver H, MoranJacqueline T, HallBenjamin J

Antidepressant effects
Side effects

This review explores the cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. It discusses two hypotheses: selective antagonism of inhibitory interneurons and direct inhibition of cortical pyramidal neurons.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

26.

Riluzole augmentation in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Author: PittengerChristopher, BlochMichael H, WasylinkSuzanne, BillingsleaEileen, SimpsonRyan, JakubovskiEwgeni, KelmendiBen, SanacoraGerard, CoricVladimir

May benefit refractory OCD

This pilot randomized placebo-controlled trial investigates the efficacy of riluzole augmentation of ongoing serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) treatment in patients with SRI-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

27.

Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine compounds and their preparations for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Author: ZhuJiayi, ShenLan, LinXiao, HongYanlong, FengYi

ALS prevention
ALS treatment

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscle atrophy and paralysis. This abstract summarizes the benefits of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in preventing and treating ALS.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

28.

Adherence to riluzole in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an observational study.

Author: IntronaAlessandro, D'ErricoEustachio, ModugnoBoris, ScarafinoAntonio, FraddosioAngela, DistasoEugenio, TempestaIrene, MastronardiAntonella, SimoneIsabella Laura

Riluzole gastrointestinal SEs

Gastroenteric symptoms were the most frequent side effect related to both tablet and oral suspension. The rate of adherence was independent of the formulation of riluzole.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

29.

Riluzole in augmentation of fluvoxamine for moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Author: EmamzadehfardSahra, KamalooAtefeh, PaydaryKoosha, AhmadipourAhmad, ZeinoddiniArefeh, GhaleihaAli, MohammadinejadPayam, ZeinoddiniAtefeh, AkhondzadehShahin

OCD symptom reduction

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the efficacy of riluzole augmentation of fluvoxamine in treating moderate to severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The study found that riluzole augmentation therapy resulted in higher rates of partial or complete treatment response compared to fluvoxamine alone.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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