Side Effects of salmeterol oral inhalation: A Synthesis of Findings from 22 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Salmeterol is a long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) used to treat asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Several studies have shown that salmeterol improves symptoms of these diseases and improves lung function. However, some side effects have been reported with salmeterol.

Reasons for Side Effects

Salmeterol works by acting on beta2 receptors, which relaxes airway smooth muscle and promotes airway opening. This action improves the symptoms of asthma and COPD. However, beta2 receptors are also present in tissues other than the airway, such as the heart and blood vessels, so salmeterol can also act on these tissues and cause side effects.

Common Side Effects

Tachycardia

Salmeterol can act on beta2 receptors in the heart, increasing heart rate. Therefore, tachycardia may occur with the use of salmeterol. 19

Tremors

Salmeterol can act on beta2 receptors in muscles, promoting muscle contraction. Therefore, tremors may occur with the use of salmeterol. 19

Headache

Salmeterol may cause headache. 6

Muscle Pain

Salmeterol may cause muscle pain. 6

Side Effect Management

Tachycardia

If you are concerned about tachycardia caused by salmeterol, please consult your doctor. The doctor may adjust the dosage of salmeterol or switch to another drug, as needed.

Tremors

If you are concerned about tremors caused by salmeterol, please consult your doctor. The doctor may adjust the dosage of salmeterol or switch to another drug, as needed.

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities of Studies

In multiple studies, salmeterol has been found to be effective in improving symptoms and improving lung function in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These studies also indicate that salmeterol is generally a safe drug.

Differences in Studies

There are some differences in the findings regarding the side effects of salmeterol. For example, 19 reports side effects such as tachycardia and tremors with salmeterol, while 6 does not report these side effects. These differences may be due to differences in the patient population or study methods.

Precautions for Application in Real Life

Salmeterol is an effective drug for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but some side effects have been reported. When taking salmeterol, it is important to understand the risks of side effects and to take it as directed by your doctor.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on the side effects of salmeterol is still not sufficient. Therefore, long-term side effects of salmeterol and the risk of side effects in certain patient populations are not fully understood.

Future Research Directions

It is necessary to further research on the side effects of salmeterol. In particular, research on long-term side effects and the risk of side effects in specific patient populations is important.

Conclusion

Salmeterol is an effective drug for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, some side effects have been reported. When taking salmeterol, it is important to understand the risks of side effects and to take it as directed by your doctor. Future research is expected to deepen our understanding of the side effects of salmeterol.

Literature analysis of 22 papers
Positive Content
22
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
0
Article Type
5
4
6
14
22
1.

Repurposing drugs as inhaled therapies in asthma.

Author: AndersonSandra D

Inhaled drug efficacy

Inhaled medications have revolutionized asthma treatment, offering targeted delivery and reducing systemic side effects. Early studies comparing oral and inhaled beta2 agonists demonstrated the superiority of inhaled treatment in preventing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

2.

Vilanterol and fluticasone furoate for asthma.

Author: DwanKerry, MilanStephen J, BaxLynne, WaltersNicola, PowellColin

Asthma control

Vilanterol (VI) is a long-acting beta<sub>2</sub>-agonist (LABA) that can improve asthma symptoms, lung function, and reduce exacerbations. While other LABAs are twice-daily medications, VI is a once-daily therapy. Fluticasone furoate (FF) is an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), and ICS therapy is recommended for asthma patients who need a "reliever" medication three or more times per week. Currently, only one once-daily ICS/LABA combination (FF/VI) is available.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

3.

Differences in the efficacy and safety among inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)/long-acting beta2-agonists (LABA) combinations in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Role of ICS.

Author: LatorreM, NovelliF, VagagginiB, BraidoF, PapiA, SanduzziA, SantusP, ScichiloneN, PaggiaroP

Asthma and COPD treatment
Improved quality of life
Improvement in FEV1
Reduction of exacerbations
Chronic ICS treatment
Pneumonia

Budesonide/formoterol and fluticasone/salmeterol, commonly used ICS/LABA combinations for COPD, show similar efficacy but differ in their pharmacokinetic characteristics and risk of pneumonia.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

4.

Combination formoterol and budesonide as maintenance and reliever therapy versus combination inhaler maintenance for chronic asthma in adults and children.

Author: KewKayleigh M, KarnerCharlotta, MindusStephanie M, FerraraGiovanni

Asthma treatment

Asthma is a chronic lung condition with recurring episodes of wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing. Inhaled medications are often effective in controlling symptoms, preventing complications, and improving quality of life. While some medications are taken regularly and others for symptom relief, a single inhaler containing both a steroid and a bronchodilator is available (SiT or SMART therapy). This treatment may improve adherence to medication, reducing symptoms and exacerbations, but it's unclear whether it increases side effects from the steroid.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

5.

Management of Asthma in School age Children On Therapy (MASCOT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study of efficacy and safety.

Author: LenneyW, McKayA J, Tudur SmithC, WilliamsonP R, JamesM, PriceD,

Asthma management

Asthma is a common condition in children in the UK, affecting one in eight. Current management guidelines are based on adult models, lacking sound evidence specific to children. The MASCOT study aims to address this need by providing evidence-based guidelines for asthma management in children.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Roflumilast: first phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor approved for treatment of COPD.

Author: GiembyczMark A, FieldStephen K

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment
Gastrointestinal upset
Headache
Weight loss

Roflumilast, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, is now approved in Europe for maintenance treatment of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with chronic bronchitis. Clinical trials have shown that roflumilast improves lung function and reduces exacerbations in patients with COPD. Although gastrointestinal upset and headache are common side effects, roflumilast offers an oral option for COPD management.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled steroids for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Author: NanniniL J, CatesC J, LassersonT J, PooleP

COPD treatment
Medication adherence

Fluticasone/salmeterol (FPS) and budesonide/formoterol (BDF) are two inhalers combining long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids to improve adherence and efficacy in treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

9.

Long-acting beta2-agonists versus theophylline for maintenance treatment of asthma.

Author: TeeA K H, KohM S, GibsonP G, LassersonT J, WilsonA J, IrvingL B

Improved PEF
Few adverse events

Salmeterol is more effective than theophylline in improving morning and evening PEF, but not significantly different in their effect on FEV1. Salmeterol also reduces the use of rescue medication. Fewer adverse events occurred in participants using long-acting beta-2 agonists (salmeterol and formoterol) as compared to theophylline.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

10.

Pharmacological strategies for self-management of asthma exacerbations.

Author: ReddelH K, BarnesD J,

Asthma exacerbation treatment
Side effects

Pharmacological strategies for self-management of asthma exacerbations in adults were reviewed. Oral corticosteroids are well-established for severe exacerbations, while high-dose inhaled corticosteroids may be beneficial for some patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Combination of inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists and inhaled steroids versus higher dose of inhaled steroids in children and adults with persistent asthma.

Author: GreenstoneI R, Ni ChroininM N, MasseV, DanishA, MagdalinosH, ZhangX, DucharmeF M

Asthma control

Two main treatment options are recommended for asthmatic patients inadequately controlled on inhaled corticosteroids or those with moderate persistent asthma: the combination of a long-acting inhaled beta2 agonist (LABA) with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) or use of a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroids.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

12.

A comparison between inhaled salmeterol and theophylline in the short-term treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Author: BroseghiniCristina, TestiRenato, PoleseGuido, TosattoRoberta, RossiAndrea

Improved lung function

This study assessed the short-term efficacy and safety of inhaled salmeterol compared with placebo and theophylline in patients with stable COPD. Salmeterol demonstrated improvements in lung function and symptom scores, with a good safety profile.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

13.

Tiotropium bromide, a new, once-daily inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator for chronic-obstructive pulmonary disease.

Author: ZuWallackAlicia R, ZuWallackRichard L

Improved lung function
Reduced dyspnoea
Reduced exacerbations
Dry mouth

Tiotropium bromide is a long-acting drug used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It helps open up airways, improving breathing and reducing shortness of breath. It has fewer side effects than other similar medications and can also reduce the number of COPD flare-ups.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Long acting beta-agonists versus theophylline for maintenance treatment of asthma.

Author: ShahL, WilsonA J, GibsonP G, CoughlanJ

Fewer adverse events
Improved lung function
Reduced asthma symptoms

Long-acting beta-2 agonists were found to be at least as effective as theophylline in reducing asthma symptoms, including night waking and improving lung function.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

15.

[Efficacy and safety of salmeterol (50 microgram) and fluticasone (250 microgram) in a single inhaler device (diskus) in patients with mild to moderate asthma].

Author: BeehK M, BeierJ, KornmannO, WiewrodtR, BuhlR,

Asthma control

Inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists are first-line agents for the treatment of patients with persisting bronchial asthma. Several lines of evidence have shown, that inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonist have multiple synergisms both in vivo and in vitro, leading to improved clinical asthma control.

Evaluation StudyResearch that systematically evaluates the effectiveness of a particular program or policy. It measures its outcomes and provides important information for future decision-making.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : German

16.

Montelukast: new preparation. No current use in asthma.

Author:

Asthma treatment
Effort-induced asthma prevention
Churg-Strauss syndrome

This review article discusses the efficacy and safety of montelukast, a medication used to treat asthma. Montelukast was found to be effective in improving asthma symptoms, and was generally well tolerated.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

Combination of inhaled corticosteroids plus other medications in the management of moderate to severe persistent asthma.

Author: FiremanP

Asthma control
Reduced healthcare costs
Prednisone side effects

Severe persistent asthma is a challenging condition to manage. This paper reviews the current literature on the combination therapy of different medications for moderate to severe persistent asthma.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

18.

Long acting beta-agonists versus theophylline for maintenance treatment of asthma.

Author: WilsonA J, GibsonP G, CoughlanJ

Improved asthma symptoms
Improved lung function
Reduced asthma symptoms
Adverse events

Salmeterol may be more effective than theophylline in reducing asthma symptoms, including night waking, and improving lung function. Salmeterol was associated with fewer adverse events than theophylline.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

19.

Montelukast. No current use for asthma.

Author:

Treat asthma
Churg-Strauss syndrome

Montelukast is a medication used to treat asthma. It is effective in controlling asthma symptoms but is more expensive than other medications.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

Salmeterol versus slow-release theophylline in patients with reversible obstructive pulmonary disease.

Author: TaccolaM, BancalariL, GhignoniG, PaggiaroP L

Improved PEF
Improved quality of life
Reduced symptoms
None mentioned

Inhaled salmeterol was more effective than oral theophylline in improving lung function, reducing symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with reversible COPD. Neither treatment caused significant side-effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Salmeterol xinafoate in asthmatic patients under consideration for maintenance oral corticosteroid therapy. UK Study Group.

Author: BoydG

Asthma symptom control
Lung function improvement

Salmeterol xinafoate 100 micrograms b.i.d. was effective and well-tolerated in patients with severe chronic asthma considering maintenance oral corticosteroid therapy. Salmeterol improved lung function, decreased asthma symptoms, and increased symptom-free nights compared to placebo.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

Salmeterol versus slow-release theophylline combined with ketotifen in nocturnal asthma: a multicentre trial. French Multicentre Study Group.

Author: MuirJ F, BertinL, GeorgesD

Nocturnal asthma treatment
Side effects

Inhaled salmeterol (SML) was significantly more effective than a combination of slow-release theophylline and ketotifen (TK) in treating nocturnal asthma. Success rates were 46% and 39% for SML, compared to 15% and 26% for TK. SML also showed superior improvement in lung function and reduced rescue salbutamol intake. Side effects were five times less common with SML.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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