Side Effects of saxagliptin: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Saxagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor that is used to treat type 2 diabetes. 25 Saxagliptin works by increasing levels of incretin hormones, which stimulate insulin production and lower blood sugar levels. 19 Saxagliptin is generally well-tolerated, but some side effects have been reported. 25

Reasons for side effects

Side effects of saxagliptin may be due to the inhibition of incretin breakdown. Incretin is a hormone that senses blood sugar levels and promotes insulin secretion. When incretin breakdown is inhibited, excess insulin secretion can occur, leading to side effects such as hypoglycemia. Saxagliptin is also metabolized by an enzyme called CYP3A4. CYP3A4 is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of many drugs, and interactions with saxagliptin can lead to side effects. 21

Common side effects

Upper respiratory tract infection

Upper respiratory tract infection is a common side effect of saxagliptin. 25 This is thought to be caused by an imbalance in the immune system due to the inhibition of incretin breakdown.

Headache

Saxagliptin can cause headaches. 25 This is thought to be caused by vasodilation due to the inhibition of incretin breakdown.

Urinary tract infection

Saxagliptin can cause urinary tract infections. 25 This is thought to be caused by a delay in urine excretion due to the inhibition of incretin breakdown.

Pancreatitis

Saxagliptin has been associated with an increased risk of pancreatitis, but the evidence is still unclear. 27 11

Heart failure

Saxagliptin has been associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for heart failure. 4 However, other studies have not found such an association. 28

Skin reactions

Saxagliptin has been associated with skin reactions. 18

Bullous pemphigoid

Saxagliptin has been associated with bullous pemphigoid. 1

Measures for side effects

Upper respiratory tract infection

If you experience symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection, consult your doctor. Treatment with antibiotics or other medications may be provided as needed.

Headache

If you have a severe headache, consult your doctor. Treatment with pain relievers or other medications may be provided as needed.

Urinary tract infection

If you experience symptoms of a urinary tract infection, consult your doctor. Treatment with antibiotics or other medications may be provided as needed.

Pancreatitis

If you experience symptoms of pancreatitis, consult your doctor immediately. Pancreatitis can be life-threatening if it becomes severe, so early treatment is important.

Heart failure

If you experience symptoms of heart failure, consult your doctor immediately. Heart failure can be life-threatening if it becomes severe, so early treatment is important.

Skin reactions

If you experience a skin reaction, consult your doctor. Treatment with steroid ointment or other medications may be provided as needed.

Bullous pemphigoid

If you experience symptoms of bullous pemphigoid, consult your doctor immediately. Bullous pemphigoid can be life-threatening if it becomes severe, so early treatment is important.

Comparison between studies

Common points of studies

Many studies have shown that saxagliptin is effective in controlling blood sugar levels. Saxagliptin has also been shown to be effective when used in combination with other diabetes medications. Furthermore, saxagliptin has been shown to have a lower risk of hypoglycemia than other diabetes medications.

Differences between studies

Some studies have shown that saxagliptin may increase the risk of heart failure. 4 However, other studies have not found such an association. 28 Some studies have also shown that saxagliptin may increase the risk of pancreatitis. 27 However, other studies have not found such an association. 11

Precautions for applying research to real life

Saxagliptin has been shown to be effective in controlling blood sugar levels as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. However, some studies have shown that saxagliptin has a risk of side effects such as heart failure and pancreatitis. Therefore, it is important to consult with your doctor before taking saxagliptin and confirm that it is right for your body type. You should also see your doctor regularly while taking saxagliptin. If you experience symptoms such as heart failure or pancreatitis while taking saxagliptin, consult your doctor immediately.

Limitations of current research

Research on saxagliptin is still not comprehensive enough. In particular, research on long-term safety and efficacy is still lacking. Therefore, much remains unknown about the long-term effects of saxagliptin.

Future directions for research

To further advance research on saxagliptin, studies on long-term safety and efficacy are needed. Research is also needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which saxagliptin causes side effects such as heart failure and pancreatitis.

Conclusion

Saxagliptin is an effective treatment for type 2 diabetes. While saxagliptin is generally well-tolerated, some potential side effects have been reported, including an increased risk of hospitalization for heart failure and pancreatitis. Therefore, it is important to consult with your doctor about the potential risks and benefits of saxagliptin before starting treatment. It is also important to report any side effects you experience to your doctor.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Blood pressure reduction
Glycemic control
Weight loss
3
CV protection
Improved renal damage
Reduced HF
4
Type 2 diabetes treatment
6
Lowered cholesterol levels
Reduced HbA1c levels
7
Glucose control
Weight neutral
8
Adamantane derivatives
Various therapeutic indications
10
T2DM treatment
11
Reduced FBG
Reduced HbA1c
Reduced blood pressure
Reduced body weight
Reduced cholesterol
Reduced triglycerides
12
Cardiovascular health
Diabetes management
Renal function
13
Glycemic control
Type 2 diabetes treatment
15
Blood glucose control
16
Treatment of type 2 diabetes
17
Improved glucose control
18
Lower blood glucose levels
19
Lower blood pressure
Lower hypoglycemia risk
Reduced HbA1c
Weight loss
20
Diabetes treatment
21
Diabetes treatment
22
T2DM management
23
Glycemic control
Type 2 diabetes treatment
25
Improved glycemic control
Low side effects
No hypoglycemia
No weight gain
Reduced cardiovascular risk
26
Risk Keywords
Bullous pemphigoid
1
Hypoglycemia
3
Bone fractures
Fluid retention
Hypoglycemia
Hypotension
Ketoacidosis
Lactic acidosis
4
Cancer risk
Pancreatitis risk
5
Hypoglycemia
Weight gain
6
BC metastasis promotion
9
Adamantane side effects
10
pancreatitis
11
Gastrointestinal side effects
Inefficacy
Nausea
12
Gastrointestinal side effects
Heart failure risk
Ketoacidosis
13
Musculoskeletal adverse effects
14
Hypoglycemia
15
Potential side-effects
17
Gastrointestinal issues
Skin reactions
18
Fullness
Genital/urinary infections
Nausea
20
Drug toxicity
Treatment failure
21
Cardiovascular event risk
Hypersensitivity risk
Infection risk
Kidney injury risk
Liver failure risk
22
Side effects
23
Acute pancreatitis
24
Headache
Upper respiratory tract infection
Urinary tract infection
25
Pancreatitis risk
27
Heart failure
28
Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
22
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
6
Article Type
0
2
0
13
27
1.

Bullous pemphigoid associated with the use of dipeptidil peptidase-4 inhibitors: analysis from studies based on pharmacovigilance databases.

Author: Molina-GuarnerosJuan A, Sainz-GilMaría, Sanz-FadriqueRosario, GarcíaPilar, Rodríguez-JiménezPedro, Navarro-GarcíaEster, MartinLuis H

Bullous pemphigoid

This study found evidence of an association between dipeptidase-4 inhibitors and bullous pemphigoid, a rare autoimmune skin disease. The association was statistically significant for both the pharmacological class as a whole and each of the individual dipeptidase-4 inhibitors agents under investigation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

2.

Beware of on-treatment safety analyses.

Author: YangFred, WittesJanet, PittBertram

Using intent-to-treat analyses is crucial for assessing the safety of new medications. On-treatment analyses, which only include data on participants while they are taking study medication, can underestimate the frequency of adverse events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

3.

Incretin-based therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of direct comparisons of efficacy, safety and patient satisfaction.

Author: RussellSheldon

Blood pressure reduction
Glycemic control
Weight loss
Hypoglycemia

Incretin-based therapies, including glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, are effective in controlling glycaemia with a low risk of hypoglycaemia. These agents may also offer additional benefits, such as weight loss and reduced blood pressure.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Author: MonamiMatteo, DicembriniIlaria, MartelliDaniele, MannucciEdoardo

Cancer risk
Pancreatitis risk

This meta-analysis examined the effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) on major cardiovascular events (MACE), cancer, and pancreatitis. Recent studies have suggested an association between DPP4i and increased risk of pancreatitis and cancer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

6.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in triple oral therapy regimens in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Author: BarnettAnthony H, CharbonnelBernard, MosesRobert G, KalraSanjay

Type 2 diabetes treatment
Hypoglycemia
Weight gain

Triple oral therapy is an option for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled by dual combination therapy. Agents should have complementary mechanisms of action and minimal risk of added side effects. This review discusses considerations for selecting triple oral therapy regimens and reviews clinical trial data on triple oral therapy using dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

10.

Adamantane - A Lead Structure for Drugs in Clinical Practice.

Author: SpilovskaKatarina, ZemekFilip, KorabecnyJan, NepovimovaEugenie, SoukupOndrej, WindischManfred, KucaKamil

Adamantane derivatives
Various therapeutic indications
Adamantane side effects

Adamantane derivatives are effective in treating a wide range of conditions, including viral infections, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Advances in type 2 diabetes therapy: a focus on cardiovascular and renal outcomes.

Author: LibiantoRenata, DavisTimothy Me, EkinciElif I

Cardiovascular health
Diabetes management
Renal function
Gastrointestinal side effects
Heart failure risk
Ketoacidosis

Treatment options for type 2 diabetes have expanded, including SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP1 receptor agonists, and DPP4 inhibitors. Each class offers distinct benefits and risks, with varying cardiovascular and renal effects. Clinicians need to consider these factors when choosing medications.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Association of musculoskeletal complaints and gliptin use: review of spontaneous reports.

Author: TarapuésMónica, CerezaGloria, FiguerasAlbert

Musculoskeletal adverse effects

This study investigates spontaneous reports related to musculoskeletal (MSk) adverse effects associated with the use of gliptins, a class of antidiabetic drugs. The aim is to characterize and analyze the reported adverse effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

DPP-4 inhibitors in clinical practice.

Author: PalalauAnna I, TahraniAbd A, PiyaMilan K, BarnettAnthony H

Glycemic control
Type 2 diabetes treatment
Hypoglycemia

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, a new class of antidiabetes agents, have shown effectiveness in lowering glycated hemoglobin, fasting and postprandial glucose levels, with a low incidence of hypoglycemia and no weight gain.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

16.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of sitagliptin plus metformin.

Author: ScheenAndré J

Blood glucose control

DPP IV inhibitors, such as sitagliptin, vildagliptin, and saxagliptin, are a new class of drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

17.

[Incretin-based therapy for treating patients with type 2 diabetes].

Author: JermendyGyörgy

Treatment of type 2 diabetes
Potential side-effects

This review discusses the clinical experience with new antidiabetic drugs, including incretinmimetics and DPP-4 inhibitors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Hungarian

19.

Saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Author: GallwitzBaptist

Lower blood glucose levels

Saxagliptin, a DPP-IV inhibitor, is a promising treatment for type 2 diabetes. It effectively inhibits DPP-IV without serious side effects and lowers blood glucose levels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Diabetes.

Author: GallwitzBaptist

Lower blood pressure
Lower hypoglycemia risk
Reduced HbA1c
Weight loss
Fullness
Genital/urinary infections
Nausea

This chapter discusses novel therapeutic approaches for type 2 diabetes, including incretin-based therapies, sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors, and other emerging therapies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

21.

Effects of 27 CYP3A4 protein variants on saxagliptin metabolism in vitro.

Author: LiuQian, Ou-YangQiu-Geng, LinQian-Meng, LuXiang-Ran, MaYa-Qing, LiYing-Hui, XuRen-Ai, LinDong-Dong, HuGuo-Xin, CaiJian-Ping

Diabetes treatment
Drug toxicity
Treatment failure

This study evaluated the catalytic activities of 27 CYP3A4 variants on saxagliptin metabolism in vitro. Most variants showed decreased metabolic activity compared to wild-type CYP3A4.1, suggesting that genetic polymorphisms in CYP3A4 may influence saxagliptin metabolism and potentially affect drug efficacy and safety.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Safety of saxagliptin: rationale for and design of a series of postmarketing observational studies.

Author: Lo ReVincent, HaynesKevin, MingEileen E, Wood IvesJennifer, HorneLaura N, FortierKimberly, CarbonariDena M, HennessySean, CardilloSerena, ReesePeter P, ReddyK Rajender, MargolisDavid, ApterAndrea, KimmelStephen E, RoyJason, FreemanCristin P, RazzaghiHanieh, HolickCrystal N, EspositoDaina B, Van StaaTjeerd-Pieter, BhullarHarshvinder, StromBrian L

Diabetes treatment
Cardiovascular event risk
Hypersensitivity risk
Infection risk
Kidney injury risk
Liver failure risk

A series of postmarketing studies are being conducted to examine the safety of saxagliptin in real-world settings. The studies will investigate the incidence of hospitalization with acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, severe hypersensitivity reactions, severe infections, and major cardiovascular events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Efficacy and risk profile of anti-diabetic therapies: Conventional vs traditional drugs-A mechanistic revisit to understand their mode of action.

Author: GuptaPrachi, BalaManju, GuptaSanjeev, DuaAnita, DaburRajesh, InjetiElisha, MittalAshwani

T2DM management
Side effects

This review explores the mechanisms of action of various anti-diabetic drugs and their potential for combination therapy. It discusses both conventional and herbal strategies, highlighting their benefits and potential side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

LINAGLIPTIN-INDUCED PANCREATITIS.

Author: MosqueraJorge Esteban, TorresNancy, RestrepoJorge, Ruz-PauCarlos

Acute pancreatitis

Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, may cause acute pancreatitis. This is a rare but serious adverse effect. Clinicians should warn patients about this risk and consider switching to another hypoglycemic treatment if a patient is at risk for pancreatitis.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

26.

Comparative review of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas.

Author: DeaconC F, LebovitzH E

Improved glycemic control
Low side effects
No hypoglycemia
No weight gain
Reduced cardiovascular risk

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a progressive disease. Sulphonylurea drugs, a traditional second-line treatment for T2DM, can cause hypoglycemia and weight gain. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, a newer class of drugs, are equally effective in controlling blood sugar but do not cause hypoglycemia or weight gain and have fewer side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

27.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and pancreatitis risk: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Author: MonamiM, DicembriniI, MannucciE

Pancreatitis risk

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the risk of pancreatitis associated with Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i) by systematically collecting information from randomized clinical trials.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

28.

Cardiovascular safety signals with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: A disproportionality analysis among high-risk patients.

Author: BakshSheriza N, McAdams-DeMarcoMara, SegalJodi B, AlexanderG Caleb

Heart failure

Reports to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System suggest a possible increased risk of heart failure associated with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, but more research is needed.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

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