Major Research Findings

Traditional Mongolian medicine uses a formula called "Gurigumu-7" for liver diseases. This formula combines the stems of *Ephedra sinica* and the fruits of *Terminalia chebula*. 1

The stems of *Ephedra sinica* contain ephedrine, which has bronchodilatory activity. 1

Traditional Mongolian, Nepalese, and Tibetan medicine uses various plants for medicinal purposes. However, some of these plants contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are toxic substances for humans and domestic animals.

Reasons for Side Effects

Some plants used in traditional Mongolian medicine contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are harmful to humans and livestock.

Ephedrine can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and excite the central nervous system (CNS), potentially causing insomnia and restlessness. 1

Common Side Effects

Hepatotoxicity

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) can cause liver toxicity.

Neurotoxicity

Ephedrine can affect the central nervous system, potentially leading to neurotoxicity like insomnia and restlessness. 1

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Hepatotoxicity

It's important to avoid using plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs).

Neurotoxicity

It may be necessary to reduce the dosage of ephedrine or consider using alternative bronchodilators. 1

Comparison of Studies

Similarities

Both studies raise concerns about the safety of plants used in traditional Mongolian medicine. 1

Differences

The first study examined the potential toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) found in traditional herbal remedies.

The second study investigated the safety and efficacy of the formula "Gurigumu-7", which combines the stems of *Ephedra sinica* and the fruits of *Terminalia chebula*. 1

Cautions for Real-Life Applications

Plants used in traditional Mongolian medicine might contain toxic substances. Therefore, caution is necessary when using these plants.

Ephedrine can cause side effects like insomnia and restlessness. Thus, care should be taken when using medications containing ephedrine. 1

Current Limitations of Research

Research on the safety and efficacy of plants used in traditional Mongolian medicine is still insufficient. 1

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of plants used in traditional Mongolian medicine. 1

Conclusion

Some plants used in traditional Mongolian medicine contain substances that can be harmful to humans and livestock. Hence, caution is necessary when using these plants. 1

Additional research is required to investigate the safety and efficacy of these plants. 1