Effects of 3tc: A Synthesis of Findings from 19 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Lamivudine (3TC) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV infection. Several studies have suggested that 3TC may have neuroprotective effects. 9 showed that 3TC suppressed neuropathological alterations in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of tau protein. The 3TC group showed a decrease in lesions such as tau phosphorylation, inflammation, neuronal death, and hippocampal atrophy. Additionally, 3TC attenuated motor deficits (Rotarod test) and improved short-term memory (Y-maze test). 17 showed that mice exposed to 3TC prenatally had minor behavioral changes in their offspring. However, the dose of 3TC used in this study was much higher than the amount used in human treatment, so it is impossible to extrapolate the findings to humans. Also, 10 demonstrated that 3TC prevented age-related cognitive dysfunction in aged mice, reduced neuroinflammation, and preserved neuronal health. These findings suggest that 3TC might have neuroprotective effects; however, more research is needed to understand its effects on humans.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

3TC may suppress neuropathological alterations caused by the abnormal accumulation of tau protein. According to 9 , 3TC was shown to reduce lesions such as tau phosphorylation, inflammation, neuronal death, and hippocampal atrophy. 3TC may also improve motor function and short-term memory. Additionally, 10 showed that 3TC prevented age-related cognitive dysfunction in aged mice, reduced neuroinflammation, and preserved neuronal health.

Risks Summary

3TC can cause several side effects. 13 reported that 3TC can cause pure red cell aplasia (PRCA). PRCA is a disease in which red blood cell production in the bone marrow is reduced. Additionally, 17 showed that mice exposed to 3TC prenatally had minor behavioral changes in their offspring. However, the dose of 3TC used in this study was much higher than the amount used in human treatment, so it is impossible to extrapolate the findings to humans.

Comparison of Studies

Similarities

3TC is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat HIV infection. These studies suggest that 3TC may have neuroprotective effects. These studies suggest that 3TC might suppress neuropathological alterations such as tau phosphorylation, inflammation, and neuronal death.

Differences

These studies utilized different study designs and subject populations. 9 used a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by the abnormal accumulation of tau protein. On the other hand, 17 used mice exposed to 3TC prenatally. Also, 10 used aged mice. These studies use different approaches to investigate the neuroprotective effects of 3TC.

Consistency and Contradictions of Findings

These studies suggest that 3TC might have neuroprotective effects, but the effects are not consistent. Some studies found that 3TC suppressed tau phosphorylation, inflammation, and neuronal death, while others found only minor behavioral changes without clear neuroprotective effects. Therefore, more research is needed to clarify the neuroprotective effects of 3TC.

Real-World Applications and Cautions

3TC may have neuroprotective effects, but it is impossible to extrapolate findings to humans. Further research is needed, especially regarding the effects on pregnant women and children. 3TC can cause several side effects. Therefore, it is crucial to consult a doctor before considering using 3TC.

Limitations of Current Research

These studies were conducted with a limited number of animals. Therefore, further research is necessary to apply these findings to humans. Also, these studies did not reveal the detailed mechanism of how 3TC exerts its neuroprotective effects.

Future Research Directions

To clarify the neuroprotective effects of 3TC, human studies are needed. Research to uncover the mechanisms of 3TC's neuroprotective effects is also necessary. Additionally, research is required on methods to reduce 3TC's side effects.

Conclusion

3TC may have neuroprotective effects. However, it is impossible to extrapolate findings to humans. It is crucial to consult a doctor before considering using 3TC. Further research is needed to clarify the neuroprotective effects of 3TC.

Literature analysis of 19 papers
Positive Content
16
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
2
Article Type
0
0
0
0
18
1.

Efficacy and Safety of Two-Drug Regimens with Dolutegravir plus Rilpivirine or Lamivudine in HIV-1 Virologically Suppressed People Living with HIV.

Author: Dueñas-GutiérrezCarlos, BuzónLuis, Pedrero-ToméRoberto, IribarrenJosé A, De Los SantosIgnacio, De la FuenteSara, PousadaGuillermo, MoranMiguel Angel, MorenoEstela, FerreiraEva, GómezJulia, TroyaJesús

HIV treatment
Virological suppression

This abstract discusses the high effectiveness and safety of a two-drug (2DRs) strategy using dolutegravir (DTG) plus lamivudine (3TC) for treating treatment-naive HIV patients. The abstract highlights the potential for de-escalating from three-drug regimens (3DRs) to DTG plus either rilpivirine (RPV) or 3TC in virologically suppressed patients, achieving high rates of virological suppression.

Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

2.

Real-World Effectiveness, Tolerability, and Safety of Dolutegravir/Lamivudine in Korea.

Author: LeeKi Hyun, KimJinnam, LeeJung Ah, KimChang Hyup, AhnJin Young, JeongSu Jin, KuNam Su, ChoiJun Yong, YeomJoon-Sup, SongYoung Goo, KimJung Ho

Good treatment option
Virologic suppression
Elevated creatinine
Mild side effects

This retrospective study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of dolutegravir/lamivudine in Korean adults living with HIV, finding no virological failure or serious complications during follow-up.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

3.

Safety and efficacy of pharmacotherapy containing INSTIs and chemotherapy drugs in people living with HIV and concomitant colorectal cancer.

Author: YangJing, WeiGuo, GuiFuqiang, ZhaoYong, ChenTingyu, TanJuan

Fewer DDIs
RAL-based ART
Reduced AEs

This study reviewed previous clinical data on raltegravir-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) in patients with HIV infection who need cancer chemotherapy and highlighted the need for further research on other integrase inhibitors (INSTIs) in this patient population.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Virologic Response to Dolutegravir Plus Lamivudine in People With Suppressed Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Historical M184V/I: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis.

Author: KabraMadhusudan, BarberTristan J, AllavenaClotilde, MarcelinAnne-Geneviève, Di GiambenedettoSimona, PasquauJuan, GianottiNicola, LlibreJosep M, Rial-CresteloDavid, De Miguel-BuckleyRosa, BlickGary, TurnerMatthew, HarrisonCale, WynneTammy, VerdierGustavo, ParryChris M, JonesBryn, OkoliChinyere, DonovanCynthia, PriestJulie, LetangEmilio

Improved virologic response

A meta-analysis investigated the impact of the M184V/I mutation on the virologic response to dolutegravir plus lamivudine in people with HIV. The mutation did not significantly affect the virologic response.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

Dolutegravir in real life: Self-reported mental and physical health outcomes after transitioning from efavirenz- to dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy in a prospective cohort study in Lesotho.

Author: BrownJennifer A, NsakalaBienvenu L, MokheleKuena, RakuoaneItumeleng, MuhairweJosephine, GlassTracy R, AmstutzAlain, TschumiNadine, BelusJennifer M, KlimkaitThomas, LabhardtNiklaus D

DTG transition evaluation
Mental health assessment
Neuropsychiatric effects

This study assesses the mental health and HIV/ART-associated symptoms of people living with HIV before and after transitioning from efavirenz (EFV) to dolutegravir (DTG)-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

The reverse transcriptase inhibitor 3TC protects against age-related cognitive dysfunction.

Author: WahlDevin, SmithMeghan E, McEnteeCali M, CavalierAlyssa N, OsburnShelby C, BurkeSamuel D, GrantRandy A, NerguizianDavid, LarkDaniel S, LinkChristopher D, LaRoccaThomas J

Cognitive function
Neuroinflammation
Neuronal health

This study investigates the potential role of transposable element (TE) transcripts in brain aging and cognitive decline. The study finds that the reverse transcriptase inhibitor 3TC improves cognitive function and reduces neuroinflammation in old mice, preserves neuronal health with aging, and enhances cognitive function in a mouse model of tauopathy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

11.

Efficacy and safety of ainuovirine versus efavirenz combination therapies with lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for medication of treatment-naïve HIV-1-positive adults: week 48 results of a randomized controlled phase 3 clinical trial followed by an open-label setting until week 96.

Author: SuBin, GaoGuiju, WangMin, LuYanqiu, LiLinghua, ChenChen, ChenYuanyuan, SongChuan, YuFengting, LiYing, LiuYixin, LuoYang, HeHaolan, ChengCong, XuLixia, ZhangTong, SunLijun, LiuAn, XiaWei, QinYuanyuan, ZhaoQingxia, WeiHongxia, CaiWeiping, ChenYaokai, ZhangFujie, WuHao

HIV-1 RNA suppression
Improved liver function

Ainuovirine (ANV) was non-inferior to efavirenz (EFV) in terms of efficacy when combined with two NRTIs in HIV-1-positive ART-naïve adults. ANV was associated with less frequent liver toxicity, dyslipidemia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and rash compared to EFV.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Doravirine/tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate/lamivudine-induced alopecia: A case report.

Author: CattaneoDario, RivaAgostino, PoloniAndrea, CarrozzoGiorgia, GervasoniCristina

Hair regrowth
Alopecia
Hypopigmented hair

A 46-year-old male with HIV developed alopecia after starting doravirine/tenofovir disproxil fumarate/lamivudine (DOR/TDF/3TC). While other causes were ruled out, DOR/TDF/3TC was discontinued and replaced with rilpivirine plus tenofovir alafenamide fumarate/emtricitabine. Hair regrowth with hypopigmentation was observed four weeks later. This case suggests a probable association between DOR/TDF/3TC and alopecia.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

[In vitro evaluation on the effects of combined lamivudine (3TC) and Ara-AMP against hepatitis B virus].

Author: SuHaibin, WangHuifen, JiWei, ZhaoYanling, CaiGuangming

Enhanced inhibitive effects against HBV DNA

Combining 3TC with Ara-AMP enhanced the inhibitive effects against HBV DNA in vitro.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Chinese

15.

Effects of (-)-2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) 5'-triphosphate on human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and mammalian DNA polymerases alpha, beta, and gamma.

Author: HartG J, OrrD C, PennC R, FigueiredoH T, GrayN M, BoehmeR E, CameronJ M

Inhibit HIV replication

3TC 5'-triphosphate, an inhibitor of HIV replication, was found to be a competitive inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase and certain DNA polymerases.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal lamivudine (3TC) exposure in preweaning mice.

Author: CalamandreiG, VenerosiA, BranchiI, ValanzanoA, PuopoloM, AllevaE

Behavioral changes

Prenatal exposure to lamivudine (3TC) in mice resulted in slight changes in ultrasound emission on postnatal day 3. Male offspring exposed to 250 and 500 mg/kg 3TC showed decreased habituation in an automated locomotor activity test.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of antiretroviral drugs for treatment-naive HIV infection in China.

Author: LiMin, CaoYuxin, HuangHao, QinGang, ChuMinjie, ZouMeiyin, ZhuangXun

HIV treatment
High price

Dolutegravir (DTG) is a medication used to treat HIV infection. This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of DTG-based regimens for treatment-naive HIV infection in China.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Shorter Time to Discontinuation Due to Treatment Failure in People Living with HIV Switched to Dolutegravir Plus Either Rilpivirine or Lamivudine Compared with Integrase Inhibitor-Based Triple Therapy in a Large Spanish Cohort.

Author: TeiraRamón, Diaz-CuervoHelena, AragãoFilipa, CastañoManuel, RomeroAlberto, RocaBernardino, MonteroMarta, GalindoMaria José, Muñoz-SánchezMaria Jose, EspinosaNuria, PeraireJoaquim, MartínezElisa

INSTI efficacy
Reduced toxicities
None reported

Integrase inhibitor (INSTI)-based two-drug regimens (2DR) are being considered for selected patients with HIV. This study compared real-world outcomes of INSTI-based three-drug regimens (3DR) versus 2DR in patients receiving dolutegravir plus either rilpivirine or lamivudine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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