Side Effects of amlodipine: A Synthesis of Findings from 22 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Amlodipine is a widely used calcium channel blocker for the treatment of hypertension. This article reviews research findings on the side effects of amlodipine, including the mechanisms, common side effects, management, comparison across studies, and application to real-life situations.

Reasons for side effects

Amlodipine works by blocking calcium channels in the blood vessels, which relaxes the smooth muscles and widens the blood vessels, leading to lower blood pressure. This effect, however, can also influence the heart and blood vessels, causing various side effects. 2

Common side effects

Peripheral edema

A common side effect of amlodipine is peripheral edema (swelling), caused by the dilation of blood vessels in the extremities, which can lead to fluid leakage from the blood vessels into surrounding tissues. 2 5 . This side effect is often seen in the feet and is more likely to occur with higher doses of amlodipine. 5 17

Headache

Amlodipine's vasodilatory effect can also cause headaches. 2 . Headaches are more common during the initial stages of amlodipine treatment, 3 , but they often subside with continued use.

Gingival hyperplasia

Gingival hyperplasia, or gum overgrowth, is another potential side effect of amlodipine. It is associated with the drug's ability to stimulate the growth of gingival cells. 13 17 19 . This side effect is more likely to occur with long-term amlodipine use, 17 , and can exacerbate existing periodontal disease. 19

Gastrointestinal side effects

Amlodipine can also lead to gastrointestinal side effects like constipation and indigestion. 21 9 . These side effects are thought to be due to amlodipine's influence on the movement of muscles in the digestive tract.

Other side effects

Besides the more common side effects, amlodipine can also cause dizziness, palpitations, fatigue, lassitude, rash, indigestion, constipation, and nasal congestion. 4 7 2 15 . These are likely related to amlodipine's effects on the heart and blood vessels.

Management of side effects

Peripheral edema

Reducing the dosage of amlodipine can often alleviate peripheral edema. 5 . Lifestyle adjustments, such as dietary changes and exercise, can also be beneficial. In severe cases, a physician may recommend drug therapy, such as diuretics.

Headache

Headaches often decrease with continued use of amlodipine. Taking over-the-counter pain relievers can also be effective. If headaches are severe or persist, consult your doctor.

Gingival hyperplasia

Gingival hyperplasia can sometimes be reversed by discontinuing amlodipine. 17 . Maintaining good oral hygiene practices, such as regular brushing and flossing, is also crucial. If gum overgrowth is severe or progressing, seek advice from a dentist.

Gastrointestinal side effects

Gastrointestinal side effects can often be managed through dietary changes and medication for the digestive system, as advised by your physician. If constipation is severe, seek medical attention.

Comparison between studies

Common points of studies

Across many research studies, amlodipine has been established as an effective antihypertensive drug. However, these studies consistently highlight the potential for amlodipine to cause a range of side effects, with peripheral edema, headache, and gingival hyperplasia being most frequently reported.

Differences between studies

The frequency and severity of amlodipine side effects can vary between studies. This variability is likely influenced by a number of factors, including the characteristics of the study participants, the dosage of amlodipine used, and any co-administered medications. The study methodologies and evaluation criteria can also contribute to differences in findings.

Precautions for applying research results to real life

While amlodipine is an effective treatment for high blood pressure, it's essential to be aware of the potential side effects. Always follow your doctor's instructions carefully when taking amlodipine and regularly report any side effects to your doctor. Promptly consult your physician if you experience symptoms such as peripheral edema, headache, or gingival hyperplasia.

Limitations of current research

Current research on the side effects of amlodipine is still insufficient. Studies evaluating long-term side effects are limited, and further research is needed to assess the potential long-term consequences of amlodipine use.

Future research directions

To gain a deeper understanding of the side effects associated with amlodipine, further research is needed. This includes long-term studies evaluating side effects and investigations to decipher the mechanisms of side effects at the genetic level. Additionally, research focused on developing methods for mitigating and preventing side effects is essential.

Conclusion

Amlodipine is an effective medication for treating hypertension, but it is important to be aware of the potential for side effects. Always adhere to your doctor's instructions when taking amlodipine, and report any side effects to your physician promptly. If you have concerns about side effects, consult your doctor.

Literature analysis of 22 papers
Positive Content
15
Neutral Content
3
Negative Content
4
Article Type
3
2
1
3
20
1.

Tolerability of long-term treatment with lercanidipine versus amlodipine and lacidipine in elderly hypertensives.

Author: LeonettiGastone, MagnaniBruno, PessinaAchille Cesare, RappelliAlessandro, TrimarcoBruno, ZanchettiAlberto,

Hypertension control
Side effects

This trial compared the tolerability of lercanidipine, a calcium antagonist, to two other calcium antagonists (amlodipine and lacidipine) in elderly hypertensive patients. The study aimed to evaluate the side effects associated with these antihypertensive drugs.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Peripheral edema and headache associated with amlodipine treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

Author: VukadinovićDavor, ScholzSean S, MesserliFranz H, WeberMichael A, WilliamsBryan, BöhmMichael, MahfoudFelix

CAD treatment
Hypertension treatment
Headache
Peripheral edema

Amlodipine treatment was associated with a three-fold higher risk of peripheral edema compared to placebo.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

3.

Early side-effects of antihypertensive therapy: comparison of amlodipine and nifedipine retard.

Author: BremnerA D, FellP J, HosieJ, JamesI G, SaulP A, TaylorS H

Hypertension treatment
Flushing
Headache

Amlodipine and nifedipine retard were equally effective in treating mild hypertension in 97 patients. However, amlodipine was associated with significantly fewer side effects, such as headache and flushing, during the first 14 days of treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of a Single-Pill Combination of Olmesartan/Amlodipine/Hydrochlorothiazide in Korean Patients with Essential Hypertension (RESOLVE): A Large, Observational, Retrospective, Cohort Study.

Author: ParkSung-Ji, RheeSi Jae

Hypertension treatment

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a single-pill combination (SPC) of olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide (OLM/AML/HCTZ) in Korean patients with essential hypertension. Previous studies established the effectiveness and safety of this SPC, but real-world data on Korean patients were limited.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Author: SkovbjergBirgit K, HelgestadOle Kl, OxlundChristina S, ChristensenBo, HenriksenJakob N

Pedal edema management
Amlodipine side effects

This review provides an overview of management strategies for pedal edema, a common side effect of amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker. The review prioritizes strategies to minimize side effects, including reducing dosage, switching to alternative calcium channel blockers, adding ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II-receptor blockers, and administering the drug at night.

ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Danish

6.

Extracorporeal treatment for calcium channel blocker poisoning: systematic review and recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup.

Author: WongAnselm, HoffmanRobert S, WalshSteven J, RobertsDarren M, GosselinSophie, BunchmanTimothy E, KebedeSofia, LavergneValery, GhannoumMarc,

CCB poisoning management
CCB poisoning
morbidity

Extracorporeal treatments (ECTRs) are being investigated as a potential treatment for calcium channel blocker (CCB) poisoning, which can cause significant morbidity and mortality.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

7.

Brand vs generic adverse event reporting patterns: An authorized generic-controlled evaluation of cardiovascular medications.

Author: AlatawiY, RahmanMd M, ChengN, QianJ, PeissigP L, BergR L, PageC D, HansenR A

This study investigated whether generic drugs have similar adverse event reporting patterns compared to brand-name drugs. Using authorized generics as a control, the study found that the reporting patterns were similar between brand and generic drugs.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

Management of American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology-Defined Stage 2 Hypertension by Cardiologists in India.

Author: RamC Venkata S, DalalJamshed, KahaliDhiman, MohananPadhinhare P, DasMrinal Kanti, GuhaSantanu, NairTiny, NarasimhanCalambur, RoyDevanu Ghosh, AbdullakuttyJabir, RaySoumitra, FulwaniMahesh, MohanJagdish Chander, GuptaRajeev, AbhyankarMahesh, RevankarSantosh

Hypertension management
Ankle edema

Uncontrolled hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor, and effective management is crucial. This study assessed the approaches to managing patients with Stage 2 hypertension by cardiologists in India. The study found that triple or even higher combinations of antihypertensive medications were commonly used. The most prevalent comorbidity in the study population was diabetes mellitus.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Amlodipine in the current management of hypertension.

Author: WangJi-Guang, PalmerBiff F, Vogel AndersonKatherine, SeverPeter

Cost effective
Hypertension control
Myocardial infarction prevention
Stroke prevention
Dizziness
Edema
Flushing
Palpitations

This review provides an updated overview of the evidence supporting the use of amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, for hypertension management. Amlodipine has demonstrated effectiveness in controlling blood pressure, reducing variability, and protecting against cardiovascular events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

The comparison of side effects of methyldopa, amlodipine, and metoprolol in pregnant women with chronic hypertension.

Author: GhafarzadehMasoumeh, ShakaramiAmir, YariFatemeh, NamdariParsa

Hypertension treatment in pregnancy
Intrauterine growth restriction
Low birth weight
Preeclampsia
Preterm labor

A retrospective cohort study of 300 pregnant women with chronic hypertension found that methyldopa and amlodipine were associated with the least side effects. However, methyldopa was associated with a higher incidence of preeclampsia than metoprolol.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Ranolazine Induced Bradycardia, Renal Failure, and Hyperkalemia: A BRASH Syndrome Variant.

Author: ZaidiSyed Arsalan Akhter, ShaikhDanial, SaadMuhammad, VittorioTimothy J

Angina treatment
Acute renal injury
Bradycardia
Hyperkalemia

This case report describes a case of bradycardia, hyperkalemia, and acute renal injury in an 88-year-old female patient taking ranolazine, an antianginal drug. The patient's symptoms resolved after ranolazine was discontinued, suggesting a potential association between ranolazine and these adverse events.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

16.

Positive side effects of Ca antagonists for osteoarthritic joints-results of an in vivo pilot study.

Author: DaniilidisKiriakos, GeorgesPhilipp, TibeskuCarsten O, PrehmPeter

Osteoarthritis treatment
Side effects

This study compared the effect of calcium antagonists on osteoarthritic patients with and without cardiac arrhythmia. Previous research showed calcium antagonists inhibiting cartilage degradation. The study analyzes the effectiveness and side effects of calcium antagonists in treating osteoarthritis, particularly in patients with coexisting cardiac conditions.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

18.

Drug scheduling by nurses and drug interactions in patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Author: Palma SobrinhoNatália da, CamposJuliana Faria, SilvaRafael Celestino da

Drug interactions

Drug scheduling by nurses in patients with cardiovascular disease needs to be reviewed to ensure patient safety. The study identified serious drug interactions, particularly at times when higher doses were scheduled.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Portuguese

19.

Cyclosporine A and amlodipine induced gingival overgrowth in a kidney transplant recipient: case presentation with literature review.

Author: NandaTarun, SinghBaljeet, SharmaParul, AroraKarandeep Singh

Gingival Overgrowth

This article reports a case of drug-induced gingival overgrowth in a kidney transplant patient receiving cyclosporine A and amlodipine. This condition can lead to inflammation and tooth loss.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

ANICHKOV study: the effect of combined hypotensive and lipid-lowering therapy on cardiovascular complications in patients of high and very high risk.

Author: SergienkoI V, AnshelesA A, DrapkinaО М, GornyakovaN B, ZubarevaM Yu, ShepelR N, KuharchukV V, BoytsovS A

Cardiovascular risk reduction

Lisinopril/amlodipine/rosuvastatin FC (Ekvamer®) demonstrated promising results for reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with elevated cholesterol levels and concomitant hypertension.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

22.

Peripheral edema and headache associated with amlodipine treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

Author: VukadinovićDavor, ScholzSean S, MesserliFranz H, WeberMichael A, WilliamsBryan, BöhmMichael, MahfoudFelix

CAD treatment
Hypertension treatment
Headache
Peripheral edema

Amlodipine treatment was associated with a three-fold higher risk of peripheral edema compared to placebo.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.

Language : English

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