Side Effects of apomorphine injection: A Synthesis of Findings from 7 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main research findings

Apomorphine is a drug used to treat Parkinson's disease, and it has been shown to be highly effective in managing both motor and non-motor symptoms of the disease. 3 Apomorphine works by acting on dopamine receptors and promoting dopamine neurotransmission, which helps alleviate symptoms of Parkinson's disease. 4 Apomorphine can be administered via transdermal patches or subcutaneous injections, and transdermal administration provides a more sustained effect. 4 Apomorphine has been shown to be more effective than levodopa. 4 It has also been shown to reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesia. 4 On the other hand, apomorphine can cause side effects and needs to be used with caution. 5

Reasons for side effects

The side effects of apomorphine are due to its action on dopamine receptors. Dopamine receptors are found in various parts of the brain and play different roles. Apomorphine can cause various side effects by over-acting on dopamine receptors.

Common side effects

Nausea and vomiting

Many patients have reported experiencing nausea and vomiting after apomorphine administration. 4 This is thought to be due to apomorphine stimulating the vomiting center in the brain. To prevent nausea and vomiting, apomorphine can be administered slowly, or antiemetics can be administered beforehand.

Drowsiness

Apomorphine can cause drowsiness. 4 This is thought to be due to apomorphine stimulating the sleep center in the brain. Drowsiness can be reduced by adjusting the dose of apomorphine.

Hypotension

Apomorphine can cause hypotension. 4 This is thought to be due to apomorphine dilating blood vessels. To prevent hypotension, apomorphine can be administered slowly, and adequate hydration is important.

Psychotic symptoms

Apomorphine can cause psychotic symptoms. 4 This is thought to be due to apomorphine over-acting on dopamine receptors in the brain, which can cause symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. To prevent psychotic symptoms, the dose of apomorphine can be adjusted, or antipsychotic medications can be used concurrently.

Cutaneous necrosis at injection sites

When apomorphine is administered subcutaneously, necrosis can occur at the injection site. 5 This is thought to be due to apomorphine constricting blood vessels, which impedes blood flow to the tissue. To prevent necrosis, apomorphine should be injected slowly, and the injection site should be properly disinfected. If necrosis occurs, appropriate treatment should be received under the guidance of a physician.

Measures to counter side effects

Nausea and vomiting

To prevent nausea and vomiting, apomorphine is administered slowly. 4 It can also be helpful to administer antiemetics beforehand.

Drowsiness

To prevent drowsiness, the dose of apomorphine is adjusted. 4

Hypotension

To prevent hypotension, apomorphine is administered slowly. 4 It is also important to stay well hydrated.

Psychotic symptoms

To prevent psychotic symptoms, the dose of apomorphine is adjusted. 4 It can also be helpful to use antipsychotic medications concurrently.

Cutaneous necrosis at injection sites

To prevent necrosis, apomorphine is injected slowly. 5 It is also important to properly disinfect the injection site. If necrosis occurs, appropriate treatment should be received under the guidance of a physician.

Comparison of studies

Commonalities of studies

All studies have shown that apomorphine is effective in treating Parkinson's disease. All studies have also shown that apomorphine can cause side effects.

Differences between studies

The method and dosage of apomorphine administration vary between studies. 3 Different studies have also shown that apomorphine has different side effects. 5 The incidence and severity of side effects also vary between studies.

Points to note about application in real life

Apomorphine is an effective drug for treating Parkinson's disease, but it has the risk of side effects. When taking apomorphine, follow your doctor's instructions carefully and consult your doctor immediately if you experience any side effects. Apomorphine should not be taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Limitations of current research

Apomorphine can cause a variety of side effects. Research on how to reduce side effects is still insufficient. Furthermore, there is not enough research on the long-term safety and efficacy of apomorphine.

Directions for future research

Research is needed to reduce the side effects of apomorphine. Research is also needed to clarify the long-term safety and efficacy of apomorphine.

Conclusion

Apomorphine is an effective drug for treating Parkinson's disease, but it has the risk of side effects. When taking apomorphine, follow your doctor's instructions carefully and consult your doctor immediately if you experience any side effects.

Literature analysis of 7 papers
Positive Content
6
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
1
Article Type
2
0
0
2
7
1.

Measurement of side effects of drugs.

Author: HuskissonE C, WojtulewskiJ A

Check list interference

Using a check list to collect side effects in a clinical trial may interfere with the reporting of known and unknown symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Anti-platelet effects of 100 mg alternate day oral aspirin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of regular and enteric coated formulations in men and women.

Author: RidkerP M, HennekensC H, ToflerG H, LipinskaI, BuringJ E

Cardiovascular benefit
Reduced gastrointestinal symptoms

Further research is needed to determine the optimal dose of aspirin to produce a cardiovascular benefit while minimizing side effects, particularly in women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

[Cutaneous necrosis at apomorphine injection points].

Author: DadbanA, BessisD, LuongM-S, PortetF, GuillotB

Parkinson's treatment
Skin necrosis

Two patients who received apomorphine injections for Parkinson's disease developed localized cutaneous necrosis at the injection sites.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : French

6.

Use of siRNA in knocking down of dopamine receptors, a possible therapeutic option in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Author: Noori-DaloiiMohammad-Reza, MojarradMajid, Rashidi-NezhadAli, KheirollahiMajid, ShahbaziAli, KhaksariMehdi, KorzeborAsghar, GoodarziAli, EbrahimiMaryam, Noori-DaloiiAli Reza

Hyperactivity prevention

Silencing dopamine receptors using siRNA-expressing plasmids was found to reduce dopamine receptor levels in vitro and reduce hyperactivity induced by apomorphine in rats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

[Proposed alternative to standard apomorphine challenge test].

Author: Martínez-CastrilloJuan Carlos, BurgueraJuan Andrés

Better Parkinson's care planning
Faster apomorphine testing

Subcutaneous apomorphine injection is used to treat off periods in patients with Parkinson’s disease. This study proposes an alternative apomorphine challenge test with a single, higher initial dosage, saving time and allowing for better treatment planning.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Spanish

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