Side Effects of apomorphine sublingual: A Synthesis of Findings from 5 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Apomorphine sublingual film has been studied for its safety and efficacy as an on-demand treatment for off episodes in Parkinson's disease. 3 . Apomorphine sublingual has also been investigated as a treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED), particularly in patients with spinal cord injury. 5 . However, despite being approved for marketing in Europe, apomorphine sublingual is less frequently used in clinical practice due to limited efficacy and side effects, particularly nausea, and is best suited for patients with mild to moderate ED. 4 .

Reasons for Side Effects

Apomorphine is a drug that acts on dopamine receptors, and its mechanism of action is thought to contribute to side effects such as nausea. 4 .

Common Side Effects

Nausea

Multiple studies have reported that apomorphine sublingual can cause nausea. 4 . This side effect is believed to be caused by the action of apomorphine on dopamine receptors.

Other Side Effects

Besides nausea, other reported side effects of apomorphine sublingual include dizziness, drowsiness, hypotension, and hallucinations. 4 .

Side Effect Management

Nausea

Consuming a small meal before taking apomorphine sublingual may potentially reduce nausea. 4 . Additionally, using antiemetics can be effective.

Other Side Effects

Appropriate measures can be taken for other side effects. For instance, resting is crucial if you experience dizziness. Drowsiness can be prevented by avoiding driving or operating machinery after taking apomorphine. Consult your doctor if you are concerned about low blood pressure. Contact a doctor immediately if you experience hallucinations.

Comparison Across Studies

Research Similarities

Several studies have shown that apomorphine sublingual holds potential for treating off episodes in Parkinson's disease and ED. Furthermore, some side effects, including nausea, have been reported.

Research Differences

Research on apomorphine sublingual for off episodes in Parkinson's disease has focused on evaluating its effectiveness and safety. 3 . Conversely, studies on apomorphine sublingual for ED have highlighted its efficacy in patients with spinal cord injury. 5 . Additionally, its limited clinical use due to factors like efficacy and side effects, compared to other treatment options, has been observed. 4 .

Practical Considerations

It is essential to take apomorphine sublingual under the guidance of a doctor. In particular, if you experience side effects like nausea, consult your doctor. Moreover, apomorphine sublingual can interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your doctor before taking it.

Limitations of Current Research

Further research is necessary to understand the long-term effects and safety of apomorphine sublingual. Determining the optimal dosage and administration methods for individual patients requires further investigation.

Future Research Directions

Future research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects and safety of apomorphine sublingual, explore optimal dosages and administration methods for individual patients, and investigate interactions with other medications.

Conclusion

While apomorphine sublingual holds potential for treating off episodes in Parkinson's disease and ED, it can cause side effects like nausea. It is crucial to take it under the guidance of a doctor. Further research is anticipated to shed light on the safety and effectiveness of apomorphine sublingual.

Literature analysis of 5 papers
Positive Content
4
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
1
Article Type
3
0
0
1
5
1.

Measurement of side effects of drugs.

Author: HuskissonE C, WojtulewskiJ A

Check list interference

Using a check list to collect side effects in a clinical trial may interfere with the reporting of known and unknown symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

2.

Anti-platelet effects of 100 mg alternate day oral aspirin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of regular and enteric coated formulations in men and women.

Author: RidkerP M, HennekensC H, ToflerG H, LipinskaI, BuringJ E

Cardiovascular benefit
Reduced gastrointestinal symptoms

Further research is needed to determine the optimal dose of aspirin to produce a cardiovascular benefit while minimizing side effects, particularly in women.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Apomorphine sublingual film for off episodes in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study.

Author: OlanowC Warren, FactorStewart A, EspayAlberto J, HauserRobert A, ShillHolly A, IsaacsonStuart, PahwaRajesh, LeinonenMika, BhargavaParul, SciarappaKen, NaviaBradford, BlumDavid,

Apomorphine for off episodes
Cardiac arrest
Dizziness
Nausea
Oropharyngeal events
Somnolence

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that apomorphine sublingual film provided an efficacious, on-demand treatment for off episodes for most patients with Parkinson's disease. However, nearly a third of patients discontinued treatment primarily because of oropharyngeal side effects.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Emerging oral drugs for erectile dysfunction.

Author: BrigantiAlberto, SaloniaAndrea, GallinaAndrea, SuardiNazareno, RigattiPatrizio, MontorsiFrancesco

ED treatment
Improved ED efficacy
Sildenafil safety
Apomorphine nausea

This review examines recent advances in oral pharmacotherapy for erectile dysfunction (ED), focusing on phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors and sublingual apomorphine.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Apomorphine sublingual as primary or secondary treatment for erectile dysfunction in patients with spinal cord injury.

Author: StrebelR T, ReitzA, TentiG, CurtA, HauriD, SchurchB

Erectile function improvement
Side effects

Apomorphine sublingual (SL) was not effective in treating erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Only 2 out of 22 patients reported erections sufficient for intercourse.

Evaluation StudyResearch that systematically evaluates the effectiveness of a particular program or policy. It measures its outcomes and provides important information for future decision-making.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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