Major Research Findings

Bromelain is an enzyme extracted from pineapple, which has been shown in many studies to have various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and fibrinolytic effects. , , 2 , , , , Bromelain is used in a variety of fields, including wound healing, anticancer effects, digestive system improvement, and immune modulation. , , , 4 , 3 , , , However, some side effects have been reported when using bromelain. , ,

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of bromelain are mainly due to its proteolytic enzyme activity. Bromelain exhibits various effects by breaking down proteins in the body, but at the same time, it may also affect normal tissues and cells. , 2

Common Side Effects

Digestive System

Bromelain can affect the digestive system, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. , People with pineapple allergies may experience severe allergic reactions such as anaphylactic shock when ingesting bromelain.

Skin

Bromelain can cause itching, redness, and swelling when applied to the skin.

Bleeding

Bromelain has an effect of inhibiting blood clotting, which may increase the risk of bleeding. Especially, people taking blood clotting inhibitors such as warfarin may have an increased risk of bleeding if they ingest bromelain.

Other

Bromelain can also cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, indigestion, and allergic reactions. , 2 Bromelain should be avoided in certain groups, such as pregnant or breastfeeding women, children, and the elderly.

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Digestive System

To reduce side effects on the digestive system, start with a small amount of bromelain and gradually increase the amount. Also, taking bromelain with meals can reduce the risk of side effects. People with pineapple allergies should consult a doctor before ingesting bromelain.

Skin

When applying to the skin, start with a small amount and gradually increase the amount. Also, you can perform a patch test before using it to confirm if it causes an allergic reaction.

Bleeding

To reduce the risk of bleeding, consult a doctor before ingesting bromelain. In particular, those who are taking blood clotting inhibitors such as warfarin should consult a doctor before ingesting bromelain.

Comparison between Studies

Common Points of Studies

Many studies have shown that bromelain is a safe and effective drug. , , 2 , , , , However, it should be remembered that bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme, so there is a risk of side effects. , 2

Differences between Studies

Side effects of bromelain may vary depending on the dose, method of intake, and individual constitution. , 2 Therefore, it is important to consult a doctor before taking bromelain and have them instruct you on the appropriate dose and method of intake.

Precautions for Application in Real Life

Bromelain is used in a variety of fields, but it is important to remember that there is a risk of side effects. , 2 It is important to consult a doctor before taking bromelain and have them instruct you on the appropriate dose and method of intake.

Limitations of Current Research

There is still not enough research on the side effects of bromelain. , 2 Therefore, information on the side effects of bromelain is still limited.

Directions for Future Research

Further research on the side effects of bromelain is needed. , 2 In particular, further research is needed on the effects of long-term use of bromelain and the safety of bromelain in specific populations.

Conclusion

Bromelain is a potentially safe and effective drug, but it is important to remember that there is a risk of side effects. , 2 It is important to consult a doctor before taking bromelain and have them instruct you on the appropriate dose and method of intake.