Side Effects of calcium carbonate: A Synthesis of Findings from 30 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Calcium carbonate is a versatile compound with diverse applications ranging from drug delivery systems to food additives. Studies have revealed its promising potential in various fields. For instance, calcium carbonate nanoparticles have demonstrated efficacy as drug carriers in cancer treatment, enhancing the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to tumor cells. 21 Furthermore, it has shown effectiveness in treating osteoporosis by promoting bone formation and increasing bone density. In the food industry, calcium carbonate acts as a food additive, improving food quality and extending its shelf life. 30

Reasons for Side Effects

While generally considered safe, calcium carbonate can induce side effects in individuals who consume excessive amounts or have specific sensitivities. 2 The primary reason for these side effects is attributed to the decomposition of calcium carbonate within the body, leading to the excessive release of calcium ions. This surplus of calcium ions elevates blood calcium levels, potentially impacting various organs and systems. 9

Common Side Effects

Digestive System

One of the most frequent side effects of calcium carbonate involves the digestive system. Individuals may experience constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, and nausea. 16 These symptoms are often attributed to the generation of carbon dioxide when calcium carbonate reacts with gastric acid. 18 Moreover, excessive calcium carbonate consumption can hinder intestinal motility, potentially leading to constipation. 27

Kidney

Kidney stones are a potential side effect of calcium carbonate intake. The formation of kidney stones is linked to an excess of calcium in the urine. 2 The presence of kidney stones can manifest as intense pain and blood in the urine. 18

Heart

High doses of calcium carbonate can burden the heart, potentially causing arrhythmias. 2 Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions such as heart disease or high blood pressure should exercise caution when consuming calcium carbonate. 3

Other

Other side effects associated with calcium carbonate include allergic reactions, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, and rashes. 17 20 If you experience any of these symptoms, it is essential to seek medical advice. 28

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Digestive System

To mitigate digestive side effects, it is recommended to consume calcium carbonate with water during meals. Consulting a doctor to determine the appropriate dosage before taking calcium carbonate is also crucial. 18

Kidney

Preventing kidney stones involves maintaining adequate hydration. Dietary adjustments to limit calcium intake can also be beneficial. 2

Heart

Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions such as heart disease or high blood pressure should consult a doctor before taking calcium carbonate. 3

Other

If you experience allergic reactions or other adverse effects while taking calcium carbonate, consult a doctor immediately. 17 20

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities between Studies

Numerous studies have consistently demonstrated the efficacy of calcium carbonate in cancer treatment and osteoporosis treatment. 21 Conversely, the potential for various side effects due to excessive calcium carbonate consumption has been consistently reported across multiple studies. 2 18

Differences between Studies

The frequency and nature of side effects associated with calcium carbonate can vary depending on the study. This variability is likely influenced by factors such as the age, sex, health status, and intake levels of the study participants. 2 Additionally, the manufacturing process and the composition of calcium carbonate might contribute to variations in the occurrence and type of side effects. 27

Precautions Regarding Practical Applications

Calcium carbonate is widely used as a food additive. However, it is crucial to be mindful of excessive consumption, as it can lead to various adverse effects. 30 When consuming foods containing calcium carbonate, it is essential to monitor intake levels and avoid excessive consumption. 13 Individuals with pre-existing heart conditions such as heart disease or high blood pressure should exercise extra caution when consuming calcium carbonate. 3

Limitations of Current Research

The body of research on the side effects of calcium carbonate remains incomplete. There is still a considerable amount of knowledge that needs to be gained, particularly concerning long-term side effects. 2 Moreover, the individual variability in response to calcium carbonate makes it challenging to predict side effects in all individuals. 28

Future Research Directions

To gain a deeper understanding of the side effects of calcium carbonate, long-term research is essential. 2 Research aimed at identifying the underlying causes of individual variations in side effects is equally important. 28

Conclusion

Calcium carbonate is a valuable substance with multiple applications. However, excessive intake can lead to various side effects. 2 Monitoring consumption levels and avoiding excessive intake is crucial. 13 Before consuming calcium carbonate, consulting a doctor to determine the appropriate dosage is highly recommended. 18

Literature analysis of 30 papers
Positive Content
28
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
2
Article Type
0
0
0
2
27
2.

Progress in pharmacotherapy for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in renal failure.

Author: CernaroValeria, LonghitanoElisa, CalabreseVincenzo, CasuscelliChiara, Di CarloSilvia, SpinellaClaudia, GembilloGuido, SantoroDomenico

CKD-MBD treatment

CKD-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a significant complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) contributing to morbidity and mortality. While hyperphosphatemia is common in advanced CKD, abnormalities in calcium/phosphate metabolism can occur in the early stages.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

4.

Calcium carbonate nanoparticles tumor delivery for combined chemo-photodynamic therapy: Comparison of local and systemic administration.

Author: YakubovaAnastasiya A, MitusovaKsenia A, DarwishAya, RogovaAnna, AgeevEduard I, BrodskaiaAleksandra, MuslimovAlbert R, ZyuzinMikhail V, TiminAlexander S

Efficient tumor treatment
Negligible toxicity
Reduced tumor size
Limited tumor accumulation
Variable delivery efficiency

This study compares the therapeutic efficiency and side effects of delivering multiple therapeutic agents with nanoparticles (NPs) through intravenous and intratumoral injections. The study found that intratumoral injection resulted in significantly higher tumor accumulation of NPs, leading to improved tumor inhibition compared to intravenous injection.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Drug-free tumor therapy via spermine-responsive intracellular biomineralization.

Author: XieBeibei, ZhaoHuichao, DingYuan-Fu, WangZiyi, WangYan, GaoCheng, WangRuibing

Tumor treatment
Side effects of chemotherapy

This study reports a new approach to cancer treatment that uses calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles to target and destroy tumor cells. These nanoparticles are designed to self-aggregate in tumor cells that overexpress spermine, leading to intracellular biomineralization and calcium overload, ultimately causing cell death. This method avoids the harsh side effects of traditional chemotherapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

The nanoformula of zoledronic acid and calcium carbonate targets osteoclasts and reverses osteoporosis.

Author: JiaFei, RuanLifo, DuChuanchao, LiuYu, CaiXiaomeng, DouRui, ZhangJiayu, LiuXiaoguang, ChenJun, ZhangXingcai, ChaiZhifang, HuYi

Bone mass restoration
Osteoporosis treatment

HMCZP, a novel nanoplatform designed for targeted delivery to osteoclasts (OCs), was found to effectively inhibit OC activity and reverse bone loss in mice. This approach shows promise for treating osteoporosis with reduced side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Nanoantidote for repression of acidosis pH promoting COVID-19 infection.

Author: LiuQidong, RuanHuitong, ShengZhihao, SunXiaoru, LiSiguang, CuiWenguo, LiCheng

SARS-CoV-2 infection

Acidosis, a common complication of COVID-19, can promote SARS-CoV-2 infection. Calcium carbonate nanoparticles may serve as an effective antacid therapy to neutralize excess hydrogen ions and prevent viral infection.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

[Granulomatous pleuritis and chylothorax caused by calcite inhalation in a Galgo Español dog].

Author: KramerSonja, WohlseinPeter, SchmitzInge, DrummIlva, SpiesNadja, LockemannUte, NickelRafael

Granulomatous pleuritis
Pneumonia

This case report describes a 6-year-old dog with severe dyspnea, pleural effusion, and granulomatous pleuritis caused by inhaled calcium-containing dust from a construction site. Despite treatment efforts, the dog ultimately succumbed to pneumonia. This case highlights the importance of environmental considerations in veterinary medicine.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : German

17.

Immunoglobulin G4-related sclerosing cholangitis mimicking cholangiocarcinoma: a case report and literature review.

Author: XuCheng, HanYongmei

Cholangitis treatment

This study reports a case of IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis, a type of inflammatory condition that affects the bile ducts. The study describes the patient's diagnosis and treatment with prednisolone and other medications.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

20.

Extrapyramidal side effect of donepezil hydrochloride in an elderly patient: A case report.

Author: LiHong-Chun, LuoKe-Xue, WangJie-Sheng, WangQin-Xian

Alzheimer's disease treatment
Extrapyramidal adverse reaction

This report describes an elderly patient with Alzheimer disease (AD) who developed extrapyramidal adverse reactions after starting treatment with donepezil, a medication used to treat AD.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

22.

Multicompartment Hydrogels for the Local Delivery of Chemotherapic Drugs.

Author: BoiStefania, DellacasaElena, RouatbiNadia, MonticelliOrietta, PastorinoLaura

Cancer Treatment

This study describes the development and characterization of injectable multicompartment hydrogels (MCH) for local and sustained delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. The system aims to block burst release of Doxorubicin (DOX), potentially reducing chemotherapy side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

25.

Targeted co-delivery of protein and drug to a tumor in vivo by sophisticated RGD-modified lipid-calcium carbonate nanoparticles.

Author: PengJian Qing, FumotoShintaro, SugaTadaharu, MiyamotoHirotaka, KurodaNaotaka, KawakamiShigeru, NishidaKoyo

Antitumor activity

Sophisticated nanoparticles were developed for the co-delivery of a protein and small molecule drug combination. These nanoparticles exhibited good biocompatibility, pH-sensitivity, and targeting ability, leading to synchronized bio-distribution of the protein and drug in tumor cells. This innovative approach significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of the combination therapy in mice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

29.

Designed inorganic porous nanovector with controlled release and MRI features for safe administration of doxorubicin.

Author: NäkkiSimo, WangJulie T-W, WuJianwei, FanLi, RantanenJimi, NissinenTuomo, KettunenMikko I, BackholmMatilda, RasRobin H A, Al-JamalKhuloud T, LehtoVesa-Pekka, XuWujun

Biocompatibility
Cancer treatment
Tumor reduction
Adverse effects

A multifunctional nanovector incorporating porous silicon, iron oxide, calcium carbonate, doxorubicin, and polyethylene glycol has been developed for efficient drug delivery to tumor tissues. This nanovector offers magnetic targeting, pH-controlled drug release, and enhanced biocompatibility. In vivo studies demonstrate significant tumor reduction in mice with minimal side effects, suggesting its potential for cancer monitoring and therapy.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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