Side Effects of codeine: A Synthesis of Findings from 22 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Codeine is a drug used to relieve pain, but it can also have some side effects. 20 , 14 , 4 , , 8 , , 2 Many studies have investigated the side effects of codeine. These studies report nausea, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, respiratory depression, and dependence as side effects of codeine.

Reasons for Side Effects

Codeine is an opioid analgesic similar in structure to morphine. Opioids relieve pain by binding to specific receptors in the brain, but they can also cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and constipation by binding to these receptors. Also, codeine is metabolized in the liver and converted to morphine. This morphine can further cause these side effects. 15 , 5 , 4 , 21

Common Side Effects

Nausea and vomiting

Codeine can cause nausea and vomiting. 15

Constipation

Codeine can cause constipation. 21

Drowsiness

Codeine can cause drowsiness. 20 , 4 , , 16

Dizziness

Codeine can cause dizziness. 20 , 4

Respiratory depression

Codeine can cause respiratory depression. 21

Dependence

Codeine can be addictive. 14 , 4 , , 8

Other

In addition to the above side effects, codeine can cause rash, itching, indigestion, headache, nervousness, mental changes, etc. 15

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Nausea and vomiting

If you are concerned about nausea and vomiting, you can reduce the symptoms by taking codeine before meals or eating small, frequent meals. 15

Constipation

If you are concerned about constipation, it is important to eat foods high in fiber and drink plenty of fluids. If necessary, you can also ask your doctor to prescribe a laxative. 21

Drowsiness

If you are concerned about drowsiness, you should be careful not to drive or operate machinery after taking codeine. 20 , 4 , , 16

Respiratory depression

If you are concerned about respiratory depression, it is important to talk to your doctor. 21

Dependence

You need to be aware of the dependence of codeine. If you take codeine for a long time, you may become addicted. 14 , 4 , , 8

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities of Studies

Many studies have shown that codeine can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, respiratory depression, and dependence. 20 , 14 , 4 , , 8 , , 2

Differences in Studies

The incidence and severity of side effects of codeine vary from study to study. This is thought to be due to differences in the age, health status, and dosage of the study participants. Also, drug interactions between codeine and other drugs can change side effects. 20 , 14 , 4 , , 8 , , 2

Precautions for Application to Real Life

Codeine is a highly effective pain reliever, but it is important to consider the risk of side effects. When taking codeine, it is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully and follow the instructions for use and dosage. Also, if you experience any side effects such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, or respiratory depression while taking codeine, consult your doctor immediately. 20 , 14 , 4 , , 8 , , 2

Limitations of Current Research

There is still not enough research on the side effects of codeine. In particular, further research on the long-term effects of codeine is needed. 20 , 14 , 4 , , 8 , , 2

Future Research Directions

Further research on the side effects of codeine is needed. In particular, detailed investigations on the long-term effects of codeine and the interactions of codeine with other drugs are needed. 20 , 14 , 4 , , 8 , , 2

Conclusion

Codeine is a highly effective pain reliever, but it is important to consider the risk of side effects. When taking codeine, it is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully and follow the instructions for use and dosage. Also, if you experience any side effects such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, dizziness, or respiratory depression while taking codeine, consult your doctor immediately. 20 , 14 , 4 , , 8 , , 2

Literature analysis of 22 papers
Positive Content
12
Neutral Content
3
Negative Content
7
Article Type
2
0
1
4
19
1.

Polypharmacy and evaluation of anticholinergic risk in a cohort of elderly people living with HIV.

Author: MazzitelliMaria, MilinkovicAna, PereiraBranca, PalmerJames, TongTimothy, AsboeDavid, BoffitoMarta

HIV treatment
Anticholinergic side effects

This analysis evaluated the association between HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) and preterm birth (PTB) in a cohort of people living with HIV over 50 years of age.

LetterA written message for communication and exchange of information between individuals.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

4.

Neurobehavioral Consequences Associated with Long Term Tramadol Utilization and Pathological Mechanisms.

Author: RajKhadga, ChawlaPooja, SinghShamsher

Anxiety relief
Depression management
Pain management
Alzheimer's disease
Neurotoxicity
Parkinson's disease
Seizures
Serotonin syndrome

Tramadol, a synthetic opioid analgesic, can cause neurotoxicity, including seizures, serotonin syndrome, and potential contribution to Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. This review discusses the mechanisms by which tramadol may cause these neurological disorders.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

Potentially Inappropriate Use of Opioids in the Management of Migraine in Colombia.

Author: Machado-DuqueManuel E, Echeverry-GutiérrezMaria Fernanda, Gaviria-MendozaAndrés, Valladales-RestrepoLuis F, Machado-AlbaJorge E

Abuse
Dependence
Opioid use
Tolerance

This study found that 20.6% of patients with migraine received opioids at the time of their first prescription for antimigraine drugs. Over a 12-month follow-up, 22.8% of patients received a new opioid, with those who received opioids initially being more likely to receive a new opioid (OR:1.81).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Death due to consumption of ibogaine: case report.

Author: AćimovićTijana, AtanasijevićTatjana, DenićKristina, LukićVera, PopovićVesna, BogdanovićMilenko

Treats addiction
Serious side effects
Sudden deaths

A case report of a heroin addict who died suddenly after ingesting ibogaine powder purchased online for addiction treatment was presented. The autopsy showed congestion of internal organs, pulmonary edema, and the presence of ibogaine, morphine, and codeine in biological samples. The death was probably the result of cardiovascular effects caused by ibogaine.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

Analysis of comprehensive pharmacogenomic profiling to impact in-hospital prescribing.

Author: LeeYee Ming, DanaheyKeith, KnoebelRandall W, RatainMark J, MeltzerDavid O, O'DonnellPeter H

Pre-emptive genotyping

Hospitalized patients, especially older adults and those with polypharmacy, are at increased risk for new prescriptions of pharmacogenomic drugs. Pre-emptive genotyping in these groups could improve medication safety and efficacy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

Oral oxycodone/naloxone for pain control in cirrhosis: Observational study in patients with symptomatic metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma.

Author: TovoliFrancesco, De LorenzoStefania, Samolsky DekelBoaz G, PiscagliaFabio, BeneventoFrancesca, BrandiGiovanni, BolondiLuigi

Cancer pain treatment
Opioid use
Side effects

The combination of oxycodone and naloxone in prolonged-release tablets was safe and effective for treating moderate to severe cancer pain in cirrhotic patients with metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

11.

The Effect of Concomitant Usage of Analgesics on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-related Interstitial Lung Disease.

Author: ManabeTakayuki, IwayamaKuninori, ChumaMasayuki, TasakiYoshikazu, MatsumotoSeiji

Analgesic effects
ICI-related ILD

This study investigated the effect of concomitant analgesics on the development of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

12.

Pharmacogenetics Guidelines: Overview and Comparison of the DPWG, CPIC, CPNDS, and RNPGx Guidelines.

Author: Abdullah-KoolmeesHeshu, van KeulenAntonius M, NijenhuisMarga, DeneerVera H M

pharmacogenetic testing
pharmacotherapy optimization
drug side effects
genetic variation

Pharmacogenetic guidelines from the DPWG, CPIC, CPNDS, and RNPGx provide evidence-based recommendations for gene-drug combinations, including testing recommendations and dose adjustments.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Calcineurin Inhibitor-Induced Pain Syndrome: An Uncommon but a Debilitating Complication of Calcineurin Inhibitors Use.

Author: UllahAsad, AlyAhmed, AliTariq, AlahmadiIbrahim

CIPS pain
Mobility impairment

Calcineurin inhibitor-induced pain syndrome (CIPS), a disabling complication of renal transplantation, can be managed by switching immunosuppressants and using pregabalin for pain relief.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

14.

'Codeine is my companion': misuse and dependence on codeine containing medicines in Ireland.

Author: Van HoutM C, HoranA, SantlalK, RichE, BerginM

Codeine dependence
Codeine misuse

A phenomenological study of lived experiences of codeine misuse and dependence in Ireland found that restricting access to non-prescription codeine containing products has led to a decrease in misuse and dependence, but there are still challenges in managing these issues.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

The Management of Opioid-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Patients with Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Author: SandeTonje A, LairdBarry J A, FallonMarie T

Opioid switching
Nausea
Vomiting

There is weak evidence for switching opioids to manage opioid-induced nausea and vomiting in patients with cancer.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

16.

Analgesic effect of oral paracetamol 1000 mg/ibuprofen 400 mg, paracetamol 1000 mg/codeine 60 mg, paracetamol 1000 mg/ibuprofen 400 mg/codeine 60 mg, or placebo on acute postoperative pain: a single-dose, randomized, and double-blind study.

Author: LyngstadGaute, SkjelbredPer, SwansonDavid Michael, SkoglundLasse Ansgar

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 200 patients who underwent third molar surgery found that ibuprofen and paracetamol combination with or without codeine provided comparable analgesia and were both better than paracetamol combined with codeine.

Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

17.

Prescription opioid dispensing in New South Wales, Australia: spatial and temporal variation.

Author: IslamM Mofizul, McRaeIan S, MazumdarSoumya, SimpsonPaul, WollersheimDennis, FatemaKaniz, ButlerTony

The study examines recent trends in opioid dispensing and identifies areas with high dispensing rates. The aim is to identify factors associated with high dispensing levels and inform public health policy decisions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Gene-Based Dose Optimization in Children.

Author: RamseyLaura B, BrownJacob T, VearSusan I, BishopJeffrey R, Van DriestSara L

Precision medicine

This study emphasizes the importance of pharmacogenetics in precision medicine, particularly in pediatrics. Robust data show that genetic variation can significantly impact drug efficacy and toxicity in children. Guidelines for gene-based dose optimization are available for several drugs, and further investigation is needed for many others.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

Trends in Influenza and Related Health Resource Use During 2005-2021 Among Children in Japan.

Author: OkuboYusuke, UdaKazuhiro, MiyairiIsao

Improved healthcare quality

This retrospective cohort study investigated the epidemiological trends in pediatric influenza and changes in healthcare resource use in Japan from 2005 to 2021. Influenza incidence and healthcare resource use were largely affected by the 2009 influenza pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

20.

Comparison of the postoperative analgesic effects of naproxen sodium and naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate for arthroscopic meniscus surgery.

Author: BaliCagla, ErgenogluPinar, OzmeteOzlem, AkinSule, OzyilkanNesrin Bozdogan, CokOya Yalcin, AriboganAnis

Reduced opioid consumption

This study compared the efficacy and side effects of naproxen sodium and a new preparation of naproxen sodium-codeine phosphate for postoperative pain control after arthroscopic meniscectomy.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

21.

Safe Use of Opioids in Chronic Kidney Disease and Hemodialysis Patients: Tips and Tricks for Non-Pain Specialists.

Author: ColuzziFlaminia, CaputiFrancesca Felicia, BilleciDomenico, PastoreAntonio Luigi, CandelettiSanzio, RoccoMonica, RomualdiPatrizia

Pain management
Opioid-related side effects

This review focuses on the correct and safe use of opioids in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis (HD).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Exploring public knowledge and perceptions regarding per os OTC pain-relieving medications: the case of paracetamol (acetaminophen).

Author: PetridesMichael, PeletidiAliki, PetrouChristos, NenaEvangelia, PapavasiliMaria, ConstantinidisTheodoros, KontogiorgisChristos

Overdose risk
Potential misuse

This study aims to investigate the knowledge and perceptions of paracetamol use in the Republic of Cyprus.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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