Causes of concussion: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Concussion is a common injury, especially in high-contact sports, which can lead to long-term symptoms. 17 . The causes of concussion are often related to head trauma, including collisions, falls, and traffic accidents. 19 . Research suggests that the risk of concussion varies depending on the type of sport, with high-contact sports having a higher risk. 7 .

Reasons for the Causes

Concussions are caused by a blow to the head that causes the brain to move rapidly within the skull. 24 . This movement can cause damage to the brain tissue, blood vessels, and nerve cells. 22 . Concussions can also affect the blood flow to the brain and increase pressure inside the skull. 24 .

Common Causes

Sports and Recreational Activities

Concussions are often caused by sports and recreational activities, particularly those that involve contact or collisions. 19 . Sports like American football, soccer, ice hockey, rugby, and boxing, where head injuries are common, have a higher risk of concussion. 18 .

Falls

Falls, especially from a height or those that cause a strong impact to the head, can also cause concussions. 19 .

Traffic Accidents

Traffic accidents, particularly car accidents or bicycle falls that involve a strong impact to the head, can lead to concussions. 19 .

Assaults

Assaults that involve blows to the head can also cause concussions. 19 .

Cause Countermeasures

Sports and Recreational Activities

To reduce the risk of concussion in sports and recreational activities, it is important to wear appropriate protective gear. 18 . Also, safe practice and game techniques and proper athlete conditioning are essential. 22 .

Falls

To reduce the risk of concussion from falls, be mindful of your surroundings, be cautious in slippery areas, and take extra care when falling from heights. 12 .

Traffic Accidents

To reduce the risk of concussion from traffic accidents, avoid using cell phones while driving, refrain from drinking and driving, and practice safe driving habits. 17 .

Assaults

To minimize the risk of concussion from assaults, avoid hazardous areas, be vigilant to prevent becoming involved in trouble, and seek help from the police if you are assaulted. 8 .

Comparison between Studies

Common Points of Research

These studies share the common ground that concussions can be caused by various factors, particularly sports and recreational activities, falls, traffic accidents, and assaults. 7 , 19 , 10 , 17 , 8 . They also share that concussion symptoms vary from person to person and range from mild to severe. 18 , 12 .

Differences in Research

These studies differ in their research subjects, methods, and focus, such as the causes and symptoms of concussions, and treatments. 24 , 21 , 13 , 23 . For example, 7 is a study that examined the relationship between concussion risk and mortality in ice hockey players, while 13 is a study that examined the predictability of working memory impairment after concussion.

Precautions for Application to Real Life

Caution should be exercised when applying these research findings to daily life. 23 . For example, while it is important to wear protective gear to reduce the risk of concussion in sports and recreational activities, wearing protective gear does not completely prevent concussions. 18 . Also, since concussion symptoms vary from person to person and range from mild to severe, it is important to consult a doctor even if the symptoms are mild. 18 .

Limitations of Current Research

Research on concussions is still in its early stages. 16 . In particular, there are still many unknowns about the long-term effects of concussions, and further research is needed. 9 .

Directions for Future Research

To better understand the long-term effects of concussions, the following research is needed. 21 , 22 .

  • Research to investigate the long-term changes in neurocognitive function after concussion.
  • Research to investigate the mental impact of concussion.
  • Research on the development of concussion treatments.
  • Research on the development of concussion prevention methods.

Conclusion

Concussions are caused by a variety of factors and can cause long-term neurocognitive symptoms. 24 . To reduce the risk of concussion, it is important to wear appropriate protective gear, practice and play safely, and properly manage the physical condition of athletes. 18 . It is also important to consult a doctor even if the symptoms of concussion are mild. 18 .

Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
8
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
14
Article Type
3
2
1
5
24
1.

Association between coronary angiograms and cardiac events--a prospective 3-year follow-up. INTACT-Investigators. International Nifedipine Trial on Antiatherosclerotic Therapy.

Author: JostS, NikuttaP, DeckersJ W, WieseB

Cardiac events
Myocardial infarction

This study analyzes the correlation between the extent and severity of coronary artery disease, as documented by quantitative coronary angiography, and the incidence of cardiac events within three years. The results show a strong correlation between the incidence of cardiac events and the baseline number of all stenoses and high-grade stenoses, particularly in the left anterior descending artery. The study concludes that the total coronary stenosis burden is a better predictor of cardiac events than the number of high-grade stenoses alone.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

The effect of coronary artery bypass grafting on specific causes of long-term mortality in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation.

Author: HolmesDavid R, KimLauren J, BrooksMaria Mori, KipKevin E, SchaffHartzell V, DetreKatherine M, FryeRobert L,

Coronary artery disease treatment
Coronary artery disease
Death

This study examined the effect of coronary revascularization with coronary artery bypass grafting on specific causes of death in patients with coronary artery disease. While the effect of coronary revascularization on long-term mortality has been previously described, limited data exist on its effect on specific causes of death. This study aims to provide further insights into disease mechanisms and inform the development of treatment strategies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

3.

Management standards for stable coronary artery disease in India.

Author: MishraSundeep, RaySaumitra, DalalJamshed J, SawhneyJ P S, RamakrishnanS, NairTiny, IyengarS S, BahlV K

Coronary artery disease
Stable coronary artery disease

Stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) is a form of coronary artery disease characterized by episodes of chest pain (angina pectoris). SCAD is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality globally, with an increasing burden in India.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

4.

Rationale and design of the British Heart Foundation (BHF) Coronary Microvascular Function and CT Coronary Angiogram (CorCTCA) study.

Author: SidikNovalia P, McEntegartMargaret, RoditiGiles, FordThomas J, McDermottMichael, MorrowAndrew, ByrneJohn, AdamsJacqueline, HargreavesAllister, OldroydKeith G, StoboDavid, WuOlivia, MessowClaudia-Martina, McConnachieAlex, BerryColin

Angina treatment
Diagnosis improvement

CorCTCA will prospectively characterize the prevalence of disease endotypes in INOCA and determine the clinical value of stratified medicine in this population. This prospective, multicenter, randomized, blinded, sham-controlled trial will assess the impact of stratified medicine on angina symptoms and quality of life in patients with INOCA.

Clinical Trial ProtocolA plan for conducting a clinical trial. It describes in detail the purpose, design, methodology, and statistical considerations of the trial, ensuring the transparency and consistency of the trial.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Association between coronary artery disease and incident cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

Author: ChenHsin-Hao, LoYi-Chi, PanWei-Sheng, LiuShu-Jung, YehTzu-Lin, LiuLawrence Yu-Min

Cancer surveillance

Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) had a significantly higher risk of developing cancer, particularly lung and colorectal cancers. This association was observed in both men and women, and in patients with and without myocardial infarction. Early cancer detection and surveillance programs are recommended for patients with CAD.

Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY ATTENUATES PNEUMONIA-INDUCED LUNG INJURY BY MODULATIONS OF ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGE BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY AND M1 POLARIZATION.

Author: RuanFeng, ChenJing, YangJianxin, WangGuirong

Alveolar macrophage modulation
MTBI attenuation
Lung injury
Traumatic brain injury

This study explored the relationship between mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and pneumonia in a murine model. It found that MTBI attenuated pneumonia-induced acute lung injury by modulating alveolar macrophage bactericidal capacity and M1 polarization.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

9.

Mobile Subthreshold Exercise Program (MSTEP) for concussion: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Author: ChrismanSara P D, BollingerBeth J, MendozaJason A, PalermoTonya M, ZhouChuan, BrooksM Alison, RivaraFrederick P

Concussive symptom reduction
Improved quality of life
PPCS

This study outlines the development of a virtual subthreshold exercise program (MSTEP) for youth with persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS). The program aims to reduce concussive symptoms and improve health-related quality of life. The authors are conducting a large national randomized controlled trial to test its efficacy.

Clinical Trial ProtocolA plan for conducting a clinical trial. It describes in detail the purpose, design, methodology, and statistical considerations of the trial, ensuring the transparency and consistency of the trial.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

11.

[Correlation adaptometry as a method of renal assessment and rganismic interaction with closed kidney injury].

Author: ChiglintsevK A, ZyryanovA V, ChiglintsevA Yu

Renal function assessment
Functional deficit
Kidney damage

Patients with kidney injuries involving 3 segments had the greatest tension of functional potential compared to those with 1 or 2 segments.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Russian

12.

Chronic Dizziness.

Author: ChaYoon-Hee

Chronic dizziness

Chronic dizziness can have various causes, making diagnosis challenging. This article provides a guide to identifying distinct causes of chronic dizziness, including persistent postural perceptual dizziness, mal de débarquement syndrome, motion sickness, bilateral vestibulopathy, and post-concussion dizziness.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Personalized Prediction of Postconcussive Working Memory Decline: A Feasibility Study.

Author: ChenYung-Chieh, ChenYung-Li, KuoDuen-Pang, LiYi-Tien, ChiangYung-Hsiao, ChangJyh-Jong, TsengSung-Hui, ChenCheng-Yu

Cognitive recovery
Concussion
WM deficit

This study investigated whether machine learning models using fMRI biomarkers and demographic or neuropsychological measures could predict the 1-year cognitive outcomes of concussion. The models achieved satisfactory predictions for patients with prolonged cognitive impairment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Update on Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rural and Underserved Regions: A Global Perspective.

Author: YueJohn K, KrishnanNishanth, AndrewsJohn P, SemoncheAlexa M, DengHansen, AabediAlexander A, WangAlbert S, CaldwellDavid J, ParkChristine, HirschhornMelessa, GhoussainiKristen T, OhTaemin, SunPeter P

Disability
Morbidity

Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is a significant cause of disability worldwide. Children are especially vulnerable due to their developing brains and psychosocial factors. Access to healthcare is limited in rural communities, which affects the management and outcome of MTBI. Further research is needed to improve care and outcomes for children with MTBI.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussion Initiates an Atypical Astrocyte Response Caused by Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction.

Author: GeorgeKijana K, HeithoffBenjamin P, ShandraOleksii, RobelStefanie

Blood-brain barrier damage
Mild traumatic brain injury

Mild traumatic brain injury/concussion (mTBI) causes long-lasting neurological consequences in 10-40% of patients. This study found that mTBI-induced BBB damage causes atypical astrocytes through exposure to blood-borne factors. Even months after mTBI, BBB repair did not occur in areas with atypical astrocytes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

16.

Repetitive mild TBI causes pTau aggregation in nigra without altering preexisting fibril induced Parkinson's-like pathology burden.

Author: DelicVedad, KarpJoshua H, GuzmanMaynard, ArismendiGabriel R, StalnakerKatherine J, BurtonJulia A, MurrayKathleen E, StamosJoshua P, BeckKevin D, SokratianArpine, WestAndrew B, CitronBruce A

Parkinson's disease
mTBI
pTau aggregation

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a known risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly repetitive mild TBI (r-mTBI). This study investigated the effects of r-mTBI in rats with and without preexisting PD-like pathology. While r-mTBI did not directly induce PD pathology or accelerate preexisting pathology, it caused aggregation of phosphorylated Tau (pTau) protein in dopaminergic neurons. This suggests that r-mTBI may create an environment conducive to αSyn pathology nucleation, potentially contributing to the increased risk of PD following TBI.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research funding provided by US government agencies other than the Public Health Service.

Language : English

17.

Long-term post-concussion symptoms.

Author: SkjeldalOla H, SkandsenToril, KingeEinar, GlottThomas, SolbakkAnne-Kristin

Cognitive issues
Emotional issues
Persistent symptoms
Somatic issues

This clinical review discusses long-term post-concussion symptoms, which occur in 10-15% of patients. The review highlights the predominantly somatic, cognitive, and emotional nature of these symptoms, and the higher prevalence in individuals with pre-existing health issues. The review emphasizes the biopsychosocial explanatory model as the most appropriate framework for diagnosis and treatment.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Repeat Closed-Head Injury in Male Rats Impairs Attention but Causes Heterogeneous Outcomes in Multiple Measures of Impulsivity and Glial Pathology.

Author: Vonder HaarCole, WamplerSarah K, BhatiaHenna S, OzgaJenny E, ToegelCory, LakeAnastasios D, IamesChristopher W, CabralCaitlyn E, MartensKris M

Brain injury research
Concussion
Psychiatric impairments

Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) can lead to long-term psychiatric impairments. This study found that repeated brain injuries caused attentional deficits and increased motor impulsivity in rats.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

23.

Age of First Exposure to Contact and Collision Sports and Later in Life Brain Health: A Narrative Review.

Author: IversonGrant L, BüttnerFionn, CacceseJaclyn B

cognitive health
tackle football
brain health
tackle football

This narrative review examines the evidence regarding the association between age of first exposure (AFE) to tackle football and later in life brain health. While some studies suggested a negative impact of earlier AFE, larger studies did not replicate these findings. The literature is mixed and more rigorous research is needed to definitively understand this association.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

24.

Longitudinal Alterations of Cerebral Blood Flow in High-Contact Sports.

Author: KarimpoorMahta, GeorgiadisMarios, ZhaoMoss Y, GoubranMaged, Moein TaghaviHossein, MillsBrian D, TranDean, MouchawarNicole, SamiSohrab, WintermarkMax, GrantGerald, CamarilloDavid B, MoseleyMichael E, ZaharchukGreg, ZeinehMichael M

Brain perfusion changes

This study investigated the longitudinal effects of head impacts on cerebral blood flow in high-contact athletes compared to low-contact controls. The findings suggest that exposure to head impacts may be associated with longitudinal changes in cerebral blood flow. However, further research is needed to confirm this association and explore the potential implications for brain health and performance.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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