Effects of diphenoxylate: A Synthesis of Findings from 23 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Findings

Diphenoxylate is a medication that has been shown to be effective in treating diarrhea. 6 , 15 , 13 , 21 , 3 , 4 , 14 , 7 , 16 . Diphenoxylate works by slowing down the movement of the intestines, which reduces the frequency of bowel movements and helps to make the stools firmer. 6 , 15 , 4 . In some cases, diphenoxylate has also been shown to improve fecal incontinence. 4 .

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Diphenoxylate can be helpful in improving the symptoms of diarrhea. 6 , 15 , 13 , 21 , 3 , 4 , 14 . By reducing the frequency of bowel movements and making the stools firmer, diphenoxylate can help to reduce the discomfort associated with diarrhea. 6 , 15 , 4 . In some cases, diphenoxylate can also help to improve fecal incontinence. 4 .

Risks Summary

The main side effects of diphenoxylate are related to its effects on bowel movements, including constipation, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and others. 4 . It is important to be cautious when taking diphenoxylate if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, or if you have liver or kidney problems. 8 . Diphenoxylate can be addictive, so it is important to take it as prescribed by your doctor. .

Comparison of Studies

Similarities

Many studies have found that diphenoxylate is effective in treating diarrhea. 6 , 15 , 13 , 21 , 3 , 4 , 14 , 7 , 16 . Diphenoxylate works by slowing down the movement of the intestines, which reduces the frequency of bowel movements and helps to make the stools firmer. 6 , 15 , 4 .

Differences

There are some differences in the results of studies regarding the effectiveness and side effects of diphenoxylate. For example, some studies have found that diphenoxylate can help to improve fecal incontinence, while other studies have found no effect. 4 , 14 . Also, different studies have reported different side effects of diphenoxylate. 4 .

Consistency and Contradictions of Findings

The findings regarding the effectiveness and side effects of diphenoxylate are inconsistent across different studies, making it difficult to draw firm conclusions. 4 , 14 . More research is needed to better understand the effects and side effects of diphenoxylate.

Implications for Daily Life

Diphenoxylate may be effective in treating diarrhea, but it is important to be aware of the potential side effects. 4 . Always follow your doctor's instructions when taking diphenoxylate. 8 . If you are taking diphenoxylate for an extended period of time, be sure to talk to your doctor about it. .

Limitations of Current Research

Some studies on diphenoxylate have small sample sizes and may be biased. 4 , 14 . Furthermore, there is no standardized way to measure the effectiveness and side effects of diphenoxylate, making it difficult to compare results across studies. 4 , 14 .

Future Research Directions

Larger-scale studies are needed to assess the long-term effects and side effects of diphenoxylate. 4 , 14 . Also, it is important to standardize the measures used to evaluate the effectiveness and side effects of diphenoxylate, so that the results of different studies can be compared more easily. 4 , 14 .

Conclusion

Diphenoxylate may be effective in treating diarrhea, but it is important to be aware of the potential side effects. 4 . Always follow your doctor's instructions when taking diphenoxylate. 8 . There is still much that we do not know about the effects and side effects of diphenoxylate, and further research is needed. 4 , 14 . If you are concerned about diarrhea, talk to your doctor about your options.

Literature analysis of 23 papers
Positive Content
20
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
3
Article Type
1
0
3
9
23
2.

Antimotility agents for the treatment of acute noninfectious diarrhea in critically ill patients: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.

Author: BugaevNikolay, BhattacharyaBishwajit, ChiuWilliam C, ComoJohn J, CrippsMichael W, FerradaPaula, GelbardRondi B, GondekStephen, KasotakisGeorge, KimDennis, MentzerCaleb, RobinsonBryce R H, SalcedoEdgardo S, YehD Dante

Diarrhea management

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of loperamide, diphenoxylate/atropine, and elemental diet in managing acute noninfectious diarrhea in critically ill adults, ultimately developing recommendations for daily clinical practice.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Practice GuidelineGuidelines and recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of specific medical conditions in medical practice.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

3.

[Treatment of diarrhea with loperamide in palliative medicine. A systematic review].

Author: PastranaT, MeißnerW

Diarrhea treatment

This literature review examines the efficacy of loperamide in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea in palliative care. Two trials indicated superiority of loperamide over placebo.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : German

4.

The role of loperamide in gastrointestinal disorders.

Author: HanauerStephen B

Treatment of diarrhea
Abdominal pain
Constipation

Loperamide is an effective treatment for various diarrheal syndromes, including acute, nonspecific diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, and chemotherapy-related diarrhea. Loperamide is generally well tolerated at recommended nonprescription doses.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Anticholinergic activity of 107 medications commonly used by older adults.

Author: ChewMarci L, MulsantBenoit H, PollockBruce G, LehmanMark E, GreenspanAndrew, MahmoudRamy A, KirshnerMargaret A, SorisioDenise A, BiesRobert R, GharabawiGeorges

Reduce anticholinergic burden
Anticholinergic effects

This study measured the anticholinergic activity of 107 medications commonly used by older adults. The study found that many medications, particularly psychotropic medications, have anticholinergic activity. This information can help clinicians choose medications that are less likely to cause anticholinergic side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Role of opioid ligands in the irritable bowel syndrome.

Author: CorazziariE

Normalizes visceral sensitivity
Regulates gut function
Treats diarrhea

Opioid ligands can be usefully employed to modify and normalize altered gut functions in IBS patients. The mu receptor agonists - morphine and, to a greater extent, the meperidine congeners diphenoxylate and loperamide - have been shown to slow gastrointestinal transit.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

7.

Pretreatment with diphenoxylate hydrochloride/atropine sulfate (Lomotil) does not decrease physiologic bowel FDG activity on PET/CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis.

Author: MurphyRobert, DoergerKirk M, NathanMark A, LoweVal J

Reduced FDG uptake

This study investigated the use of Lomotil (diphenoxylate hydrochloride/atropine sulfate) to reduce physiological FDG uptake in the lower gastrointestinal tract during PET/CT scans.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Over-the-counter medications in pregnancy.

Author: BlackRonald A, HillD Ashley

OTC medication safety
Birth defects
Fetal harm

This study discusses the safety of over-the-counter medications used during pregnancy. The safety of many over-the-counter medications has not been fully evaluated, and the benefit of the drug should outweigh the risk to the fetus.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

10.

Median raphe stimulation-induced motor inhibition concurrent with suppression of type 1 and type 2 hippocampal theta.

Author: BlandBrian H, BlandCheryl E, MacIverM Bruce

Inhibition of motor behaviors

Electrical stimulation of the median raphe nucleus inhibited both spontaneous and PH-induced motor behaviors in rats, suppressing hippocampal theta oscillations and suggesting a role in regulating motor activity.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of synthetic opiate analgesics.

Author: ArmstrongScott C, WynnGary H, SandsonNeil B

Drug-drug interactions

This review focuses on pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions of various opioid analgesics, including methadone, propoxyphene, levomethadyl, meperidine, fentanyl, pentazocine, diphenoxylate, loperimide, and tramadol. It emphasizes the importance of understanding these interactions to ensure optimal drug efficacy and minimize adverse effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Long-acting octreotide in the treatment of diarrhea after pelvic pouch surgery.

Author: GullichsenR

Reduced diarrhea
No side effects reported

Long-acting octreotide was effective in treating severe diarrhea in patients who had undergone pelvic pouch surgery and did not respond to conventional medications, highlighting its potential as a treatment option for this challenging condition.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Octreotide LAR resolves severe chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea (CID) and allows continuation of full-dose therapy.

Author: RosenoffS H

Improved quality of life
Reduced chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea
Side effects

This case series explores the potential of octreotide LAR for secondary prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced diarrhoea (CID) in patients with colorectal cancer. The results showed that octreotide LAR was effective in resolving diarrhea, preventing further episodes of CID, and improving quality of life.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

15.

Opioids in the Treatment of Chronic Idiopathic Diarrhea in Humans-A Systematic Review and Treatment Guideline.

Author: Graven-NielsenChristoffer S, KnophCecilie S, OkdahlTina, HøyerKatrine L, KroghKlaus, HellströmPer M, DrewesAsbjørn M

Diarrhea treatment

Opioids are often used to treat chronic idiopathic diarrhea. This systematic review found that opioid receptor agonists reduce stool frequency and increase transit time in patients with chronic diarrhea, but more research is needed to understand the optimal use of opioids for this condition.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

16.

Antimotility agents for chronic diarrhoea in people with HIV/AIDS.

Author: NwachukwuChukwuemeka E, OkebeJoseph U

AIDS-related diarrhoea treatment

This review discusses the effectiveness of antimotility agents in controlling chronic diarrhea in HIV/AIDS patients. Antimotility agents like loperamide can be helpful for non-pathogenic or idiopathic diarrhea, and those caused by antiretroviral therapy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

17.

Deadly pediatric poisons: nine common agents that kill at low doses.

Author: MichaelJoshua B, SztajnkrycerMatthew D

Profound toxicity

Most pediatric exposures to medications result in mild or no clinical effects. However, ingestion of even a single tablet or sip of certain medications can lead to serious toxicity or death.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

18.

The prevalences of and association between nonmedical prescription opioid use and poor sleep among Chinese high school students.

Author: TangDaiting, LiPengsheng, GuoLan, XuYan, GaoXue, DengJianxiong, HuangJinghui, HuangGuoliang, WuHong, YueYue, LuCiyong

Opioid use

Nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) is associated with poor sleep quality among Chinese high school students. This study found that 18% of students were classified as poor sleepers, with a higher prevalence (27.4%) among those with past-month NMPOU.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

19.

Antimicrobial and antimotility agent use in persons with shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infection in FoodNet Sites.

Author: NelsonJennifer M, GriffinPatricia M, JonesTimothy F, SmithKirk E, ScallanElaine

Antimicrobial use
Antimotility use

Antimicrobial and antimotility agents are not recommended for the treatment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infection. In a study, many people with this infection took these types of drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.

Language : English

20.

[Effect of Angelica sinensis radix on colonic morphology and mucus secretion of experimental XuexuBianmi model mice].

Author: DuLi-Dong, RenYuan, WuGuo-Tai, NiuTing-Hui, WangZhi-Wang, ShaoJing

Improved mucosal atrophy
Increased mucus secretion

Danggui decoction improved colonic morphology and mucus secretion in XuexuBianmi model mice. This may contribute to the softening and discharge of stool.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Chinese

21.

Medical management of fecal incontinence.

Author: ScarlettYolanda

Constipation treatment
Diarrhea treatment
Fecal incontinence treatment
Constipation

This abstract reviews the diagnosis and treatment of fecal incontinence, focusing on diarrhea, constipation, and rectal prolapse. It discusses the role of antidiarrheal agents, laxatives, and endoscopic banding in managing incontinence.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

23.

Preventive Effects of Different Fermentation Times of Shuidouchi on Diphenoxylate-Induced Constipation in Mice.

Author: ChenLianhong, ZhangJing, SuoHuayi, WangWei, WangHongwei, ZhangYu, HuQiang, ZhaoXin, LiJian

Constipation prevention

Shuidouchi, a fermented soybean product, has preventative effects on constipation in mice. Longer fermentation times (at least 72 hours) resulted in greater efficacy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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