Effects of everolimus: A Synthesis of Findings from 14 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Everolimus is an mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor, which has shown promising results in treating various cancers. Everolimus's anticancer effects are achieved through different mechanisms, including suppressing tumor cell growth, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting angiogenesis. Several studies have shown that everolimus can be effective both as a monotherapy and in combination with other anticancer drugs. For example, a study in 6 demonstrated that everolimus inhibits the growth of gastric cancer cells and induces apoptosis. Another study in 8 showed that everolimus suppresses the growth of ovarian clear cell cancer stem-like cells and induces apoptosis. Furthermore, a study in 14 demonstrated that everolimus inhibits the growth of adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cells. These studies suggest that everolimus could be a potential anticancer drug for various cancers.

Benefits and risks

Benefit summary

Everolimus has been shown to be effective in treating various cancers in numerous studies. Notably, its mTOR inhibition action holds promise for suppressing tumor cell growth, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting angiogenesis. In a study published in 6 , everolimus demonstrated its ability to suppress the growth of gastric cancer cells and induce apoptosis. Additionally, a study in 8 revealed that everolimus inhibits the growth of ovarian clear cell cancer stem-like cells and induces apoptosis. Furthermore, research in 14 showed that everolimus effectively inhibits the growth of adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cells.

Risk summary

Everolimus has been reported to cause several side effects. The most common side effects include stomatitis, leukopenia, anorexia, anemia, and fatigue. A study published in 3 reported these side effects as a result of everolimus treatment. These side effects are usually mild to moderate and don't require treatment discontinuation. However, severe side effects can occur, and treatment might need to be stopped in such cases. As an immunosuppressant, everolimus could increase the risk of infections. Therefore, caution is advised regarding infections while taking everolimus. Additionally, everolimus should not be used by pregnant women. Lactating women should also stop breastfeeding while taking everolimus.

Comparison between studies

Similarities between studies

Several studies have shown that everolimus inhibits tumor cell growth and induces apoptosis. This is believed to be due to everolimus inhibiting mTOR, thereby suppressing cell growth and proliferation. Moreover, the side effects of everolimus have been found to be relatively mild. Many patients experience mild to moderate side effects such as stomatitis, leukopenia, anorexia, anemia, and fatigue.

Differences between studies

The efficacy of everolimus varies depending on the type of cancer and the accompanying treatment regimen. For instance, a study in 6 showed that everolimus was effective against gastric cancer cells, but it might not be effective against other cancer types. Additionally, while a study in 14 showed that everolimus was effective against adriamycin-resistant breast cancer cells, the effects may differ when combined with other anticancer drugs.

Consistency and contradictions in the results

The efficacy of everolimus is influenced by various factors, including the type of cancer, the accompanying treatment regimen, and the patient's overall condition. Therefore, the same effect cannot be guaranteed for all patients. Additionally, the side effects of everolimus vary from patient to patient. Various side effects, ranging from mild to severe, could occur. Therefore, it is crucial to consult a physician before taking everolimus and select an appropriate treatment regimen.

Cautions for real-life application

While everolimus is a potentially effective drug for treating cancer, it carries the risk of side effects. Therefore, it is crucial to consult a physician before taking everolimus and choose the appropriate treatment regimen. As an immunosuppressant, everolimus could increase the risk of infections. Therefore, caution is advised regarding infections while taking everolimus. Additionally, everolimus should not be used by pregnant women. Lactating women should also stop breastfeeding while taking everolimus.

Limitations of current research

Current research has demonstrated that the efficacy of everolimus varies depending on the type of cancer and the accompanying treatment regimen. However, further studies are needed to investigate the effects of everolimus in greater detail. Notably, it is important to examine the potential influence of the patient's genotype and cancer cell genetic mutations on the efficacy of everolimus.

Future research directions

Future research should focus on investigating the effects of everolimus in greater detail. Specifically, it is crucial to examine the potential influence of the type of cancer and the accompanying treatment regimen on the efficacy of everolimus. Additionally, further research is needed to understand the side effects of everolimus in more depth. Notably, it is crucial to assess the risk of developing severe side effects and explore ways to mitigate them.

Conclusion

Everolimus holds promise as a treatment for various cancers. Multiple studies have shown that everolimus inhibits tumor cell growth and induces apoptosis. However, everolimus carries the risk of side effects. Therefore, it is crucial to consult a physician before taking everolimus and choose the appropriate treatment regimen. Research on everolimus is still in its early stages, and further investigation is needed. Future research could shed more light on the efficacy of everolimus, ultimately benefiting more patients.

Literature analysis of 14 papers
Positive Content
13
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
1
Article Type
2
3
2
0
14
1.

Phase 1 and pharmacodynamic trial of everolimus in combination with cetuximab in patients with advanced cancer.

Author: CiunciChristine A, PeriniRodolfo F, AvadhaniAnjali N, KangHyunseon C, SunWeijing, RedlingerMaryann, HarlackerKathleen, FlahertyKeith T, GiantonioBruce J, RosenMark A, DivgiChaitanya R, SongHee Kwon, EnglanderSarah, TroxelAndrea, SchnallMitchell, O'DwyerPeter J

Disease control
Mucositis
Skin toxicity

Everolimus and cetuximab can be safely administered together at standard doses and are associated with prolonged disease control. The recommended dose for Phase 2 trials is 70 mg of oral everolimus weekly in combination with standard cetuximab. Imaging studies indicate that metabolic inhibition by everolimus alone and in combination with cetuximab predominates over changes in tumor perfusion in this patient population.

Clinical Trial, Phase IThe first stage of clinical trials in humans. Evaluates the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a new drug/treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Relationship between metabolic toxicity and efficacy of everolimus in patients with neuroendocrine tumors: A pooled analysis from the randomized, phase 3 RADIANT-3 and RADIANT-4 trials.

Author: FazioNicola, CarnaghiCarlo, BuzzoniRoberto, ValleJuan W, HerbstFabian, RidolfiAntonia, StrosbergJonathan, KulkeMatthew H, PavelMarianne E, YaoJames C

Tumor treatment
Hypercholesterolemia
Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia did not have a significant impact on PFS in patients treated with everolimus.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Everolimus therapy and side‑effects: A systematic review and meta‑analysis.

Author: ArenaClaudia, BizzocaMaria Eleonora, CaponioVito Carlo Alberto, TroianoGiuseppe, ZhurakivskaKhrystyna, LeuciStefania, Lo MuzioLorenzo

Cancer treatment
Adverse events

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the type and incidence of side effects in patients treated with everolimus. The primary adverse events reported were stomatitis, leukopenia, anorexia, anemia, and fatigue, with the majority of patients experiencing grade 1 or 2 adverse events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

9.

Synergistic anticancer effects of everolimus (RAD001) and Rhein on gastric cancer cells via phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.

Author: GaoFeng, LiRui, WeiPei-Feng, OuLi, LiMin, BaiYang, LuoWen-Jia, FanZheng

Gastric cancer treatment
Synergistic anticancer effect

The combination of everolimus and rhein exerts synergistic cancer prevention in gastric cancer via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Everolimus therapy and side‑effects: A systematic review and meta‑analysis.

Author: ArenaClaudia, BizzocaMaria Eleonora, CaponioVito Carlo Alberto, TroianoGiuseppe, ZhurakivskaKhrystyna, LeuciStefania, Lo MuzioLorenzo

Cancer treatment
Adverse events

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the type and incidence of side effects in patients treated with everolimus. The primary adverse events reported were stomatitis, leukopenia, anorexia, anemia, and fatigue, with the majority of patients experiencing grade 1 or 2 adverse events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

12.

The Effects of Oral Liposomal Glutathione and In Vitro Everolimus in Altering the Immune Responses against <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> BCG Strain in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes.

Author: ToKimberly, CaoRuoqiong, YegiazaryanAram, OwensJames, SasaniniaKayvan, VaughnCharles, SinghMohkam, TruongEdward, SathananthanAirani, VenketaramanVishwanath

L-GSH & everolimus
TB treatment

Liposomal glutathione (L-GSH) supplementation and everolimus treatment were evaluated as adjunctive therapy for mycobacterial infection in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In vitro treatment with everolimus significantly reduced intracellular Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection, and this effect was enhanced with L-GSH supplementation. L-GSH supplementation and everolimus treatment also modulated cytokine levels, suggesting improved control of mycobacterial infection.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Final results of the randomized phase 2 LEO trial and bone protective effects of everolimus for premenopausal hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.

Author: JeongHyehyun, JeongJae Ho, KimJeong Eun, AhnJin-Hee, JungKyung Hae, KohSu-Jin, CheonJaekyung, SohnJoohyuk, KimGun Min, LeeKeun Seok, SimSung Hoon, ParkIn Hae, KimSung-Bae

Bone-protective
Prolongs PFS

This study found that everolimus (EVE) plus letrozole (LET) with ovarian suppression prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer and visceral or bone metastases compared to LET alone. However, there was no difference in overall survival (OS).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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