Side Effects of ferric citrate: A Synthesis of Findings from 11 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Ferric citrate is a novel iron preparation that has shown promise in treating iron deficiency anemia (IDA). 4 , 11 Studies have demonstrated that ferric citrate is effective in improving anemia and replenishing iron stores in patients with IDA. 4 , 11 Moreover, ferric citrate has also shown potential as a phosphate binder for managing hyperphosphatemia, a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). 5 Ferric citrate binds to dietary phosphorus in the gut, preventing its absorption and reducing blood phosphate levels. 5

Reasons for side effects

Side effects of iron preparations are often attributed to the irritation of the intestinal lining and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during iron absorption. 10 Ferric citrate, however, has been observed to have fewer gastrointestinal side effects compared to traditional iron preparations. 4 , 11 This is likely due to its high solubility in gastric juice, facilitating easier absorption and minimizing the formation of ROS. 10

Common side effects

Gastrointestinal side effects

The most common side effects of ferric citrate are gastrointestinal, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea. 10 , 4 , 11 However, these side effects are reported to be less frequent and milder with ferric citrate compared to traditional iron preparations. 4 , 11

Other side effects

Apart from gastrointestinal side effects, ferric citrate may also cause dark stools and teeth discoloration. 10 , 4 , 11 These are common side effects associated with iron supplements in general and are not specific to ferric citrate. 10 , 4 , 11

Managing side effects

Gastrointestinal side effects management

To minimize gastrointestinal side effects, it is recommended to take ferric citrate with meals. 10 , 4 , 11 Staying well-hydrated is also crucial. 10 , 4 , 11 If severe gastrointestinal side effects persist, consult with your doctor. 10 , 4 , 11

Other side effects management

Dark stools are a common side effect of iron supplements and are generally not cause for concern. 10 , 4 , 11 To prevent teeth discoloration, rinsing your mouth after taking ferric citrate is recommended. 10 , 4 , 11

Comparison across studies

Commonalities in studies

Multiple studies have consistently demonstrated the efficacy of ferric citrate in treating iron deficiency anemia. 4 , 11 Additionally, these studies consistently report that ferric citrate is associated with fewer gastrointestinal side effects compared to traditional iron preparations. 4 , 11

Differences in studies

The dosage of ferric citrate administered varies across studies. 4 , 11 Moreover, the effectiveness and severity of side effects can also differ depending on the specific study. 4 , 11

Points to consider for real-world applications

While ferric citrate shows promise in treating iron deficiency anemia, it's important to note that it can interact with other medications. 10 , 4 , 11 Additionally, pregnant and breastfeeding women should use ferric citrate under the guidance of a healthcare professional. 10 , 4 , 11

Limitations of current research

Long-term effects and safety data for ferric citrate are still limited. 10 , 4 , 11 Additionally, there is no standardized dosage or administration protocol for ferric citrate. 10 , 4 , 11

Future research directions

Further research is necessary to gather comprehensive long-term effectiveness and safety data for ferric citrate. 10 , 4 , 11 More studies are also needed to establish optimal dosage and administration guidelines for this promising iron preparation. 10 , 4 , 11

Conclusion

Ferric citrate is a promising iron preparation for treating iron deficiency anemia. Studies have shown that it is effective in improving anemia and is associated with fewer gastrointestinal side effects than traditional iron preparations. 4 , 11 However, it's essential to be aware of potential interactions with other medications and to consult with a doctor before using it, especially during pregnancy and breastfeeding. 10 , 4 , 11 Always follow your doctor's instructions carefully and report any side effects immediately. 10 , 4 , 11

Literature analysis of 11 papers
Positive Content
10
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
1
Article Type
1
1
1
5
11
2.

The Rising Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and How it is Dealt with: A Review of Current and Potential Phosphate Binders (PB).

Author: GosikRobert, DanelKrzysztof

CKD
Hyperphosphatemia
Phosphate Binders
Aluminum Toxicity
Calcium Overload
Gastrointestinal Bleeding

This review discusses different phosphate binders (PBs) used for treating hyperphosphatemia, a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The review explores the pros and cons of current PBs, highlighting the need for new PBs that can also function as protection modifiers.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

5.

Ferric citrate in the management of hyperphosphataemia and iron deficiency anaemia: A meta-analysis in patients with chronic kidney disease.

Author: ChoiYeo Jin, NohYoojin, ShinSooyoung

Hyperphosphataemia control
Iron-deficiency anaemia control

Ferric citrate is effective in controlling hyperphosphatemia and iron-deficiency anemia in CKD patients, but larger-scale studies are needed to further evaluate its efficacy and safety.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Meta-AnalysisA statistical technique that integrates the results of multiple studies to draw more general conclusions about a particular issue.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

7.

Novel iron-containing phosphate binders for treatment of hyperphosphatemia.

Author: SchmidHolger, LedererStephan R

Hyperphosphatemia treatment
Accumulation risk
High cost
Side effect

Phosphate binders (PBs) are crucial for managing hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease. While effective, PBs have side effects, accumulation risks, and high costs. Iron-containing PBs have entered the market, and other candidates are in development.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

8.

Novel Oral Iron Therapies for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease.

Author: PergolaPablo E, FishbaneSteven, GanzTomas

Improved hemoglobin levels
Improved iron parameters
Gastrointestinal side effects
Poor absorption

This article reviews the treatment guidelines for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). It discusses conventional oral iron agents and explores novel oral iron preparations under development, including ferric citrate, ferric maltol, and sucrosomial iron.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

Progress in pharmacotherapy for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in renal failure.

Author: CernaroValeria, LonghitanoElisa, CalabreseVincenzo, CasuscelliChiara, Di CarloSilvia, SpinellaClaudia, GembilloGuido, SantoroDomenico

CKD-MBD treatment

CKD-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a significant complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) contributing to morbidity and mortality. While hyperphosphatemia is common in advanced CKD, abnormalities in calcium/phosphate metabolism can occur in the early stages.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

11.

Efficacy and safety of ferric citrate hydrate compared with sodium ferrous citrate in Japanese patients with iron deficiency anemia: a randomized, double-blind, phase 3 non-inferiority study.

Author: KomatsuNorio, AritaKojo, MitsuiHironori, NemotoTakanori, HanakiKoji

IDA treatment
Lower nausea and vomiting

Ferric citrate hydrate (FC) at both 500 and 1000 mg/day was non-inferior to sodium ferrous citrate (SF) at 100 mg/day in terms of the change in hemoglobin concentration at Week 7. FC at 1000 mg/day had the highest proportion of patients achieving the target hemoglobin concentration, followed by SF at 100 mg/day and FC at 500 mg/day. Both dosages of FC were well tolerated, with significantly lower incidences of nausea and vomiting compared to SF.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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