Side Effects of glimepiride: A Synthesis of Findings from 32 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Main Research Findings

Glimepiride is a sulfonylurea drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers blood sugar by stimulating the pancreas to release more insulin. 20 Some studies show that glimepiride can have positive effects on lipid profiles and blood pressure. 29 Glimepiride, along with other oral antidiabetic agents, may improve glycemic control in patients who are already using insulin. 29 However, other studies have pointed out that sulfonylurea drugs, including glimepiride, carry the risk of severe hypoglycemia and weight gain, requiring careful monitoring and patient education. 8 Some research suggests that glimepiride may protect against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, while potentially having negative effects on cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury. 19 One study investigated the potential for drug interactions between glimepiride and herbal formulations. 3

Reasons for Side Effects

Side effects associated with sulfonylurea drugs like glimepiride are primarily linked to excessive insulin secretion leading to hypoglycemia. 8 By promoting insulin secretion, blood sugar levels can drop too rapidly, resulting in hypoglycemia. Glimepiride can also potentially inhibit the function of metabolic enzymes in the liver, potentially increasing the blood concentration of other medications and increasing the risk of drug interactions. 3

Common Side Effects

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is the most common side effect of glimepiride. 8 Glimepiride lowers blood sugar by stimulating insulin release, but excessive insulin secretion can cause blood sugar levels to drop too low, leading to hypoglycemia. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include dizziness, lightheadedness, cold sweats, palpitations, and confusion. Severe hypoglycemia can lead to loss of consciousness and coma. 12

Weight Gain

Glimepiride may cause weight gain. 8

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Glimepiride can cause gastrointestinal symptoms. 12 These include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. 15

Liver Dysfunction

Glimepiride may cause liver dysfunction. 21

Allergic Reactions

Glimepiride can cause allergic reactions. 21

Other

Glimepiride can cause various other side effects besides those listed above. 11

Side Effect Management

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia can be prevented by reducing the dosage of glimepiride, improving diet, engaging in exercise, and monitoring blood sugar levels. 8 If hypoglycemia occurs, it is essential to consume glucose promptly. 12

Weight Gain

Weight gain can be controlled through dietary changes and exercise. 8

Gastrointestinal Symptoms

Gastrointestinal symptoms can be mitigated by reducing the dosage of glimepiride and improving diet. 12

Liver Dysfunction

If liver dysfunction occurs, it is necessary to discontinue glimepiride. 21

Allergic Reactions

If an allergic reaction occurs, it is necessary to discontinue glimepiride. 21

Comparison Across Studies

Commonalities

Many studies have shown that glimepiride is effective in improving blood sugar control. 20 , 29 Several studies have also reported that glimepiride can cause side effects such as weight gain and hypoglycemia. 8 , 12

Differences

There is variability across studies regarding the incidence and severity of glimepiride side effects. 19 Research on the safety of glimepiride includes investigations into its effects on the heart and interactions with other medications. 3

Practical Implications

Glimepiride is an effective medication for treating type 2 diabetes, but it can cause side effects such as hypoglycemia and weight gain. 8 When taking glimepiride, it is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully and monitor blood sugar levels regularly. 29 Glimepiride can also interact with other medications, so it's important to talk to your doctor about any other medications you are taking. 3

Limitations of Current Research

Long-term safety and efficacy research on glimepiride is still insufficient. 8

Future Research Directions

More research is needed on the long-term safety and efficacy of glimepiride, drug interactions, and effects on the heart. 19 , 3

Conclusion

Glimepiride is an effective medication for treating type 2 diabetes, but it can cause side effects such as hypoglycemia and weight gain. 8 , 12 When taking glimepiride, it is important to follow your doctor's instructions carefully and monitor blood sugar levels regularly. 29 Glimepiride can also interact with other medications, so it's important to talk to your doctor about any other medications you are taking. 3

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Dyslipidemia improvement
GLUT4 expression upregulation
T2DM dysglycemia amelioration
1
Treats diabetes
3
Minimal human cell cytotoxicity
Potential amoebicidal activity
4
Glucose uptake
Oxidative stress
5
Alzheimer's disease treatment
6
Improved blood glucose control
Reduced cardiovascular risk
7
Antidiabetic effect
Improved safety profiles
8
Ethosomal formulation
Glimepiride delivery
Transdermal films
10
Improved glycemic control
Low side effects
No hypoglycemia
No weight gain
Reduced cardiovascular risk
11
HbA1c decrease
Systolic blood pressure reduction
Weight reduction
12
Beta cell protection
Cardiovascular outcome improvement
Hypoglycemia reduction
Type 2 diabetes treatment
Weight loss
13
Improve glycemic control
Less hypoglycemia
Weight loss
14
Decreased side effects
Improved compliance
Improved efficacy
Improved solubility
Reduced dose frequency
15
Treatment of type 2 diabetes
16
Anti-diabetic activity
Higher binding value
17
Improved insulin sensitivity
18
Renal ischemia
19
diabetes treatment
20
Diabetes treatment
21
Reduced healthcare cost
22
Improved drug safety
23
Type 2 diabetes management
24
Reduced HbA1c
Reduced blood glucose
25
Diabetes treatment
Metabolic syndrome treatment
26
Effective for glucose control
Improved glucose control
27
Effective therapy
28
Improved glycemic control
29
Vasodilation of coronary vasculature
30
Diabetes treatment
Insulin sensitization
Lipid lowering
31
Control blood glucose
32
Risk Keywords
Drug side effects
2
Herb-drug interactions
3
Hypoglycemia
5
Extrapyramidal adverse reaction
6
Hypoglycemia
7
Hypoglycemia
Weight gain
8
Hypoglycemic episodes
9
Gastrointestinal side effects
Genital mycotic infections
Hypotension
12
Potential side-effects
16
Side effects of commercial drugs
17
side effects
20
Side effects
21
Reduced performance
Reduced quality
22
Cardiac outcomes
Hypoglycemia
Ischemic preconditioning
Weight gain
24
Nausea
25
Side effects of pioglitazone
27
Side effects
28
Gastrointestinal side effects
29
Secondary failure
32
Literature analysis of 32 papers
Positive Content
28
Neutral Content
2
Negative Content
2
Article Type
3
0
0
11
32
2.

Predicting adverse drug effects: A heterogeneous graph convolution network with a multi-layer perceptron approach.

Author: ChenY-H, ShihY-T, ChienC-S, TsaiC-S

Drug side effects

This study utilized a heterogeneous graph convolution network (GCNMLP) to predict potential side effects of drugs. The model outperformed other machine learning methods in predicting known side effects and even identified new potential side effects of drugs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Extrapyramidal side effect of donepezil hydrochloride in an elderly patient: A case report.

Author: LiHong-Chun, LuoKe-Xue, WangJie-Sheng, WangQin-Xian

Alzheimer's disease treatment
Extrapyramidal adverse reaction

This report describes an elderly patient with Alzheimer disease (AD) who developed extrapyramidal adverse reactions after starting treatment with donepezil, a medication used to treat AD.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Consensus Recommendations on Sulfonylurea and Sulfonylurea Combinations in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - International Task Force.

Author: KalraSanjay, BahendekaSilver, SahayRakesh, GhoshSujoy, MdFariduddin, OrabiAbbas, RamaiyaKaushik, Al ShammariSameer, ShresthaDina, ShaikhKhalid, AbhayaratnaSachitha, ShresthaPradeep K, MahalingamAravinthan, AskhetaMazen, A RahimAly Ahmed, ElianaFatimah, ShresthaHari K, ChaudharySandeep, NgugiNancy, MbanyaJean Claude, AyeThan Than, LattTint Swe, AkanovZhanay A, SyedAbbas Raza, TandonNikhil, UnnikrishnanA G, MadhuS V, JawaAli, ChowdhurySubhankar, BajajSarita, DasAshok Kumar

Antidiabetic effect
Improved safety profiles
Hypoglycemia
Weight gain

Sulfonylureas (SUs) are an important class of antidiabetic drugs that are used in monotherapy and combination therapy. However, they can cause adverse events, including hypoglycemia and weight gain. Newer SUs have better safety profiles, and individualized treatment plans with careful monitoring and patient education can maximize benefits and minimize side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

The Real-Life Effectiveness and Care Patterns of Diabetes Management Study for Balkan Region (Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria): A Multicenter, Observational, Cross-Sectional Study.

Author: MajanovicSanja Klobucar, JanezAndrej, LefterovIvaylo, TasicSanja, CikacTatjana

Hypoglycemic episodes

This survey provides information from real-life practice on the incidence of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetic patients treated with sulfonylureas.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Transdermal glimepiride delivery system based on optimized ethosomal nano-vesicles: Preparation, characterization, in vitro, ex vivo and clinical evaluation.

Author: AhmedTarek A, El-SayKhalid M, AljaeidBader M, FahmyUsama A, Abd-AllahFathy I

Ethosomal formulation
Glimepiride delivery
Transdermal films

This study optimized an ethosomal formulation of glimepiride and loaded it into transdermal films for sustained release and reduced side effects. The optimized formulation demonstrated improved permeation and extended release compared to the pure drug, offering a potential alternative drug delivery system.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Comparative review of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and sulphonylureas.

Author: DeaconC F, LebovitzH E

Improved glycemic control
Low side effects
No hypoglycemia
No weight gain
Reduced cardiovascular risk

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a progressive disease. Sulphonylurea drugs, a traditional second-line treatment for T2DM, can cause hypoglycemia and weight gain. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, a newer class of drugs, are equally effective in controlling blood sugar but do not cause hypoglycemia or weight gain and have fewer side effects.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

13.

Second line therapy: type 2 diabetic subjects failing on metformin GLP-1/DPP-IV inhibitors versus sulphonylurea/insulin: for GLP-1/DPP-IV inhibitors.

Author: KumarAjay

Beta cell protection
Cardiovascular outcome improvement
Hypoglycemia reduction
Type 2 diabetes treatment
Weight loss

This review discusses the benefits and drawbacks of different treatments for type 2 diabetes, including sulphonylureas, insulin, thiazolidinediones, alpha glucose inhibitors, and incretin-based therapies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

14.

Linagliptin monotherapy in type 2 diabetes patients for whom metformin is inappropriate: an 18-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial with a 34-week active-controlled extension.

Author: BarnettA H, PatelS, HarperR, ToorawaR, ThiemannS, von EynattenM, WoerleH-J

Improve glycemic control
Less hypoglycemia
Weight loss

Linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, effectively improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes who were ineligible for metformin. It was well-tolerated, with less hypoglycemia and weight loss compared to glimepiride.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

[Incretin-based therapy for treating patients with type 2 diabetes].

Author: JermendyGyörgy

Treatment of type 2 diabetes
Potential side-effects

This review discusses the clinical experience with new antidiabetic drugs, including incretinmimetics and DPP-4 inhibitors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : Hungarian

19.

The role of ATP-sensitive potassium channel blockers in ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal injury versus their effects on cardiac ischemia reperfusion in rats.

Author: TawfikMona K, Abo-ElmattyDina M, AhmedAmal A M

Renal ischemia

This study explores the role of ATP-dependent potassium channel modulators, glimepiride and glibenclamide, on renal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) induced injury in rats. The study demonstrates that both glimepiride and glibenclamide significantly improve reperfusion-induced injury in both kidney and lung, with glibenclamide showing a more pronounced effect.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

A review of pioglitazone HCL and glimepiride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Author: DorkhanMozhgan, FridAnders

diabetes treatment
side effects

This article reviews the mechanisms of action and clinical data behind the use of pioglitazone HCL and glimepiride, two commonly used oral hypoglycemic agents, in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

21.

Pioglitazone hydrochloride/glimepiride.

Author: BlakeElizabeth W

Diabetes treatment
Side effects

Pioglitazone and glimepiride are oral medications used to treat type 2 diabetes. They work by increasing the body's sensitivity to insulin. While these medications are generally well tolerated, potential side effects include weight gain, edema, and heart failure.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

22.

Quality and behavior of glimepiride generics versus amaryl under stressed conditions.

Author: AttorreseGiuseppe, Massi-BenedettiMassimo

Reduced healthcare cost
Reduced performance
Reduced quality

Generic versions of glimepiride may offer reduced quality and performance when compared with the original drug.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Evaluation StudyResearch that systematically evaluates the effectiveness of a particular program or policy. It measures its outcomes and provides important information for future decision-making.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Identifying drugs needing pharmacogenetic monitoring in a Korean hospital.

Author: KimYoung Mi, YooSeung Hee, KangRae Young, KimMin Jung, BaeYoon Young, LeeYeon Kyung, JeonSu Jin, ChonKung Ju, ShinSang Mi, KimSang Geon, ParkKyoung Ho, SonIn Ja

Improved drug safety

A decision matrix was used to identify seven drugs for which pharmacogenetic drug monitoring provides the greatest potential benefit.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

24.

Are sulfonylureas passé?

Author: GreenJennifer B, FeinglosMark N

Type 2 diabetes management
Cardiac outcomes
Hypoglycemia
Ischemic preconditioning
Weight gain

Sulfonylureas are commonly used to manage type 2 diabetes. While effective in the short term, they have limitations, including potential for hypoglycemia and weight gain. Newer agents like glimepiride may have less detrimental effects on the myocardium.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

25.

Five weeks of treatment with the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide improves glycaemic control and lowers body weight in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Author: NauckM A, HompeschM, FilipczakR, LeT D T, ZdravkovicM, GumprechtJ,

Reduced HbA1c
Reduced blood glucose
Nausea

Liraglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 analogue, significantly reduced fasting serum glucose and HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

26.

Differential effect of glimepiride and rosiglitazone on metabolic control of type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial.

Author: DerosaG, GaddiA V, PiccinniM N, SalvadeoS, CiccarelliL, FogariE, GhelfiM, FerrariI, CiceroA F G

Diabetes treatment
Metabolic syndrome treatment

This study evaluates the differential effect on glucose and lipid parameters of the association between glimepiride plus metformin and rosiglitazone plus metformin in patients affected by type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

27.

Type 1 diabetes developed in a type 2 diabetic patient with severe insulin resistance.

Author: SuehiroTadashi, OsakiFumiaki, IkedaYukio, AriiKaoru, NakayamaFumi, OtaKikuko, HashimotoKozo

Effective for glucose control
Improved glucose control
Side effects of pioglitazone

A 38-year-old female with severe insulin resistance developed type 1 diabetes after being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. This suggests that severe insulin resistance may be a risk factor for developing type 1 diabetes.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

28.

Practical considerations and guidelines for dosing sulfonylureas as monotherapy or combination therapy.

Author: BellDavid S H

Effective therapy
Side effects

Oral antidiabetic drugs are the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. Knowing the benefits and risks of each drug is important for choosing the right drug or combination for patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

30.

Structural basis for the interference between nicorandil and sulfonylurea action.

Author: ReimannF, AshcroftF M, GribbleF M

Vasodilation of coronary vasculature

Nicorandil, an antianginal agent, activated Kir6.2/SUR2A and Kir6.2/SUR2B but not Kir6.2/SUR1 currents, consistent with its specificity for cardiac and smooth muscle K(ATP) channels.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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