Effects of human papillomavirus (hpv) vaccine (cervarix): A Synthesis of Findings from 12 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of HPV infection and related cervical diseases, including cervical cancer. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 Studies have shown that HPV vaccines are effective even with two doses instead of the standard three-dose schedule. 12 , 5 , 8 Research also suggests that the immune protection provided by HPV vaccines can last for years after vaccination. 9 , 10 HPV vaccination is considered a highly effective preventive measure for younger women. 7 , 12 , 9 , 5

Benefits and Risks

Benefit Summary

HPV vaccines can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 HPV vaccines are particularly effective for young women. 7 , 12 , 9 , 5 The immune protection provided by HPV vaccines can last for years after vaccination. 9 , 10

Risk Summary

HPV vaccines are generally considered safe, but side effects can occur. 7 , 12 , 9 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 Most side effects are mild and include pain or swelling at the injection site. 7 , 12 , 9 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 However, serious side effects have also been reported. 9 , 10 HPV vaccines do not protect against all types of HPV. 7 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 HPV vaccines are effective in preventing infection, but they cannot treat existing HPV infections. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities in Studies

Multiple studies have shown that HPV vaccines are effective in reducing the risk of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 Many studies have confirmed the safety of HPV vaccines. 7 , 12 , 9 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10

Differences in Studies

There are some differences in the findings of studies due to variations in factors such as the target age group, vaccination schedules, and types of vaccines used. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 For example, while some studies have shown that two-dose schedules are effective, others have demonstrated that three-dose schedules might be more effective. 12 , 5 , 8

Consistency and Inconsistencies in Findings

A common understanding among many research findings is that HPV vaccines significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 However, the assessment of effectiveness and safety might differ due to factors such as vaccination schedules, target age groups, and types of vaccines used. 12 , 5 , 8 Furthermore, conclusive evidence regarding whether HPV vaccines are effective in treating existing HPV infections remains unclear. 1

Real-world Applications and Cautions

HPV vaccines are a valuable preventive measure that can significantly reduce the risk of cervical cancer. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 However, HPV vaccines do not cover all HPV types and cannot treat existing HPV infections. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 While HPV vaccines have been found to be safe, it’s important to note that side effects can occur, albeit rarely. 7 , 12 , 9 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 Therefore, it is crucial to understand the benefits and risks of HPV vaccines and consult with a healthcare provider to make informed decisions about vaccination.

Limitations of Current Research

Long-term effectiveness and safety data for HPV vaccines are still being gathered. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 Further research is also needed to determine the effectiveness of HPV vaccines in treating existing HPV infections and to expand the coverage of HPV vaccines to encompass a wider range of HPV types. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10

Future Directions for Research

Additional research is needed to gather more data on the long-term effectiveness and safety of HPV vaccines. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 Research on the potential of HPV vaccines for treating existing HPV infections should also be pursued. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10

Conclusion

HPV vaccines are a highly effective preventative measure for reducing the risk of cervical cancer. 7 , 11 , 12 , 9 , 3 , 5 , 6 , 4 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 While generally safe, HPV vaccines can have side effects, albeit rarely. 7 , 12 , 9 , 2 , 8 , 1 , 10 It is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider to make informed decisions about HPV vaccination based on individual risks and circumstances.

Literature analysis of 12 papers
Positive Content
12
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
0
Article Type
6
0
0
0
12
2.

The effect of a booster dose of quadrivalent or bivalent HPV vaccine when administered to girls previously vaccinated with two doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine.

Author: GilcaVladimir, SauvageauChantal, BoulianneNicole, De SerresGatson, CrajdenMel, OuakkiManale, TrevisanAndrea, DionneMarc

Increased antibody titers

Both Gardasil (qHPV) and Cervarix (bHPV) increase antibody titers when given as a booster to girls previously vaccinated with 2 doses of qHPV. The magnitude of the immune response after booster is vaccine-dependent.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

6.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of AS04-adjuvanted human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine compared with human papillomavirus 6/11/16/18 vaccine in the Philippines, with the new 2-dose schedule.

Author: GermarMaria Julieta, PuruggananCarrie, BernardinoMa Socorro, CuencaBenjamin, ChenY-Chen, LiXiao, Van KriekingeGeorges, LeeI-Heng

Cervical cancer prevention
HPV vaccination cost-effectiveness

This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of HPV vaccination of 13-year-old Filipino girls using a 2-dose schedule. The model estimated that the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine was dominant over the 4vHPV vaccine in the Philippines, providing greater health benefits and lower costs.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine administered according to an alternative dosing schedule compared with the standard dosing schedule in healthy women aged 15 to 25 years: results from a randomized study.

Author: EspositoSusanna, BirlutiuVictoria, JarcuskaPavol, PerinoAntonio, ManSorin Claudiu, VladareanuRadu, MericDorothée, DobbelaereKurt, ThomasFlorence, DescampsDominique

HPV infection prevention

This study evaluated the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine when administered according to an alternative dosing schedule (0-1-12 months) compared to the standard schedule (0-1-6 months).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

8.

Comparative immunogenicity and safety of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine and HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine administered according to 2- and 3-dose schedules in girls aged 9-14 years: Results to month 12 from a randomized trial.

Author: LeungTing Fan, LiuAnthony Pak-Yin, LimFong Seng, ThollotFranck, OhHelen May Lin, LeeBee Wah, RomboLars, TanNgiap Chuan, RouzierRoman, FrielDamien, De MuynckBenoit, De SimoniStéphanie, SuryakiranPemmaraju, HezarehMarjan, FolschweillerNicolas, ThomasFlorence, StruyfFrank

HPV-16/18 antibody response

A study comparing the immunogenicity and safety of HPV vaccines found that 2 doses of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine elicited superior HPV-16/18 antibody responses compared with 2 or 3 doses of the HPV-6/11/16/18 vaccine in girls aged 9-14 years.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

9.

Long-term immunogenicity and safety of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in 10- to 14-year-old girls: open 6-year follow-up of an initial observer-blinded, randomized trial.

Author: SchwarzTino F, HuangLi-Min, LinTzou-Yien, WittermannChristoph, PanzerFalko, ValenciaAlejandra, SuryakiranPemmaraju V, LinLan, DescampsDominique

Clinically acceptable safety
High antibody levels
Long-term immunogenicity

The HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine induced high anti-HPV-16 and -18 antibody levels up to 6 years postvaccination, predicted to remain above levels induced by natural infection for at least 20 years. The vaccine's safety profile was clinically acceptable.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

10.

A ten-year study of immunogenicity and safety of the AS04-HPV-16/18 vaccine in adolescent girls aged 10-14 years.

Author: SchwarzTino F, HuangLi-Min, ValenciaAlejandra, PanzerFalko, ChiuCheng-Hsun, DecreuxAnnabelle, PonceletSylviane, KarkadaNaveen, FolschweillerNicolas, LinLan, DubinGary, StruyfFrank

HPV-16/18 vaccine efficacy
Long-term safety

Three doses of the AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine induced high and sustained antibody response against HPV-16, 18, 31, and 45 in girls aged 10-14 years for 10 years, with no serious adverse events or abnormal pregnancy outcomes.

Clinical Trial, Phase IIIA Phase III trial is a trial that further rigorously verifies the efficacy and safety of a new drug or treatment, whose efficacy and safety have been confirmed in a Phase II trial, in a large number of patients, and evaluates whether it is superior to existing treatments.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

MOnitoring human papillomavirus Vaccine effect on Infection and cErvical diseases (MOVIE): Protocol for a cohort study using electronic health records from Yinzhou, China.

Author: DengSiwei, WelbySarah, LiuZhike, YangYu, MengRuogu, SunYixin, YangJunting, LiuGuangxu, HeYunkun, JiangNing, WuZhenhua, LiuKeruo, RosillonDominique, CohetCatherine, BorysDorota, ZhanSiyan

Reduced HPV infection
Reduced cervical cancer

This study aims to monitor HPV vaccine uptake and its effects on HPV-related diseases in China using electronic health records from 2010 to 2020. The study will evaluate the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine in a real-world context and complement clinical trial results.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Immunogenicity and safety of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine administered as a 2-dose schedule compared with the licensed 3-dose schedule: results from a randomized study.

Author: RomanowskiBarbara, SchwarzTino F, FergusonLinda M, PetersKlaus, DionneMarc, SchulzeKarin, RamjattanBrian, HillemannsPeter, CatteauGrégory, DobbelaereKurt, SchuindAnne, DescampsDominique

2 dose schedule immunogenic
2 dose schedule well tolerated
HPV-16/18 vaccine efficacy

The HPV-16/18 vaccine, administered in a 2-dose schedule, was immunogenic and well-tolerated in girls aged 9-14 years, suggesting that it may be adequate for younger females.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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