Side Effects of hydrocodone: A Synthesis of Findings from 30 Studies

  1. Home
  2. Side Effects of hydrocodone
This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician.Data sources and disclaimers (data limitations, copyright, etc.)The analysis on "Side Effects of hydrocodone: A Synthesis of Findings from 30 Studies" on this page is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). However, NLM does not endorse or verify these analyses.

This analysis is based on research papers included in PubMed, but medical research is constantly evolving and may not fully reflect the latest findings. There may also be biases towards certain research areas.

This information is not medical advice and is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a physician. If you have concerns about "Side Effects of hydrocodone: A Synthesis of Findings from 30 Studies", please consult your doctor.

For NLM copyright information, please see Link to NLM Copyright Page
PubMed data is obtained via Hugging Face Datasets: Link to DatasetPlease check the disclaimer.
This page's analysis is based on PubMed data provided by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).
Original Abstract of the Article

Major findings

Hydrocodone is an opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is often prescribed for acute musculoskeletal pain, postoperative pain, and chronic pain. Hydrocodone is a potent analgesic, but it can also cause a variety of side effects, such as nausea, constipation, drowsiness, and dizziness. Some studies have shown that hydrocodone can be an effective treatment for pain, while others have shown that it can cause adverse effects, especially in elderly patients or those with kidney or liver problems. The studies included here explored the use of hydrocodone and compared it with other pain medications. These studies suggest that hydrocodone should be used cautiously, especially in certain populations, and that it is important to follow a doctor’s instructions when taking this medication. Most of these studies concluded that hydrocodone is a safe and effective pain reliever. However, it is important to follow your doctor’s instructions when using hydrocodone.

Reasons for side effects

Hydrocodone is an opioid pain reliever that works by acting on opioid receptors in the brain. However, these opioid receptors are involved in not only relieving pain, but also in causing side effects such as nausea, constipation, and respiratory depression. These side effects occur because opioids affect the nervous system.

Common side effects

Nausea

Hydrocodone can cause nausea. This occurs because hydrocodone affects the brain’s vomiting center. To reduce nausea, eat small meals slowly. It is also important to drink plenty of fluids. 7

Constipation

Hydrocodone can cause constipation. This occurs because hydrocodone slows down the movement of the intestines. To prevent constipation, drink plenty of fluids and eat a diet rich in fiber. Exercise can also help to relieve constipation. 7

Respiratory depression

Hydrocodone can suppress breathing. This occurs because hydrocodone affects the respiratory center in the brain. Respiratory depression is more likely to occur if hydrocodone is taken in excess. If you experience respiratory depression, consult a doctor immediately. 19

Drowsiness

Hydrocodone can cause drowsiness. This occurs because hydrocodone affects neurotransmitters in the brain. Drowsiness often occurs shortly after taking hydrocodone. If you feel drowsy, avoid driving or operating machinery. 2

Dizziness

Hydrocodone can cause dizziness. This occurs because hydrocodone affects the brain’s sense of balance. Dizziness often occurs shortly after taking hydrocodone. If you feel dizzy, get up slowly when standing. 7

Fatigue

Hydrocodone can cause fatigue. This occurs because hydrocodone affects neurotransmitters in the brain. Fatigue often occurs shortly after taking hydrocodone. If you feel fatigued, get plenty of rest. 2

Headache

Hydrocodone can cause headaches. This occurs because hydrocodone affects blood vessels in the brain. Headaches often occur shortly after taking hydrocodone. If you have a severe headache, consult a doctor. 13

Rash

Hydrocodone can cause rash. This occurs because hydrocodone causes an allergic reaction to the skin. If you develop a rash, consult a doctor immediately. 7

Itching

Hydrocodone can cause itching. This occurs because hydrocodone causes an allergic reaction to the skin. Itching can occur along with a rash. If you have severe itching, consult a doctor. 7

Difficulty breathing

Hydrocodone can cause difficulty breathing. This occurs because hydrocodone affects the lungs. Difficulty breathing is more likely to occur if hydrocodone is taken in excess. If you have difficulty breathing, consult a doctor immediately. 18

Addiction

Hydrocodone is addictive. This occurs because repeated ingestion of hydrocodone causes the brain to become dependent on it. Addiction is more likely to occur if hydrocodone is taken in excess. To break free from addiction, it is necessary to gradually reduce hydrocodone under the guidance of a doctor. If you are concerned about addiction, consult a doctor. 5

Side effect treatments

Nausea

To reduce nausea, eat small meals slowly. It is also important to drink plenty of fluids. 7

Constipation

To prevent constipation, drink plenty of fluids and eat a diet rich in fiber. Exercise can also help to relieve constipation. 7

Respiratory depression

If you experience respiratory depression, consult a doctor immediately. 19

Drowsiness

If you feel drowsy, avoid driving or operating machinery. 2

Dizziness

If you feel dizzy, get up slowly when standing. 7

Fatigue

If you feel fatigued, get plenty of rest. 2

Headache

If you have a severe headache, consult a doctor. 13

Rash

If you develop a rash, consult a doctor immediately. 7

Itching

If you have severe itching, consult a doctor. 7

Difficulty breathing

If you have difficulty breathing, consult a doctor immediately. 18

Addiction

If you are concerned about addiction, consult a doctor. 5

Comparison between studies

Common points of studies

Many studies have shown that hydrocodone is effective as a pain reliever. It has also been shown that hydrocodone can cause side effects such as nausea, constipation, and drowsiness.

Differences between studies

The effectiveness and severity of side effects of hydrocodone vary depending on the study. This is because the subjects and methods of the studies are different. Some studies have shown that hydrocodone is more effective than other pain medications. On the other hand, other studies have shown that hydrocodone is more likely to cause side effects than other pain medications.

Precautions for application in real life

Hydrocodone is effective as a pain reliever, but it can cause side effects. It is important to follow your doctor’s instructions when taking hydrocodone. In particular, elderly patients and patients with kidney or liver problems should take hydrocodone cautiously.

Limitations of current research

Research on hydrocodone is still insufficient. In particular, research on long-term side effects and addiction is lacking. It is also necessary to conduct research on how hydrocodone compares to other pain medications in terms of effectiveness.

Future directions for research

Future research on hydrocodone should focus on long-term side effects and addiction. It is also necessary to conduct research on how hydrocodone compares to other pain medications in terms of effectiveness.

Conclusion

Hydrocodone is effective as a pain reliever, but it can cause side effects. It is important to follow your doctor’s instructions when taking hydrocodone. In particular, elderly patients and patients with kidney or liver problems should take hydrocodone cautiously. Research on hydrocodone is still insufficient. Future research on hydrocodone should focus on long-term side effects and addiction. It is also necessary to conduct research on how hydrocodone compares to other pain medications in terms of effectiveness. Please talk to your doctor if you have any concerns about taking hydrocodone.

Literature analysis of 30 papers
Positive Content
20
Neutral Content
3
Negative Content
7
Article Type
8
0
1
3
30
1.

Hydrocodone versus codeine in acute musculoskeletal pain.

Author: TurturroM A, ParisP M, YealyD M, MenegazziJ J

Treats acute pain

Hydrocodone and codeine were compared for efficacy and side effects in treating acute musculoskeletal pain. A larger study is needed to determine the optimal use of these drugs for pain management.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

2.

Cognitive and motor function after administration of hydrocodone bitartrate plus ibuprofen, ibuprofen alone, or placebo in healthy subjects with exercise-induced muscle damage: a randomized, repeated-dose, placebo-controlled study.

Author: AllenGeorge J, HartlTamara L, DuffanyShannon, SmithStefanie F, VanHeestJaci L, AndersonJeffrey M, HoffmanJay R, KraemerWilliam J, MareshCarl M

Inflammation
Pain management
Cognitive impairment
Sedation

Medications combining hydrocodone bitartrate and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents may provide greater benefit than anti-inflammatory agents alone in treating pain and inflammation from acute soft tissue trauma, but opiate side effects such as sedation and impaired cognitive and motor performance must be considered.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Transition to Nonopioid Analgesia Does Not Impair Pain Control After Major Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.

Author: NguyenThu-Hoai C, LombanaNicholas F, ZavlinDmitry, MoliverClayton L

Pain management

Multimodal analgesia with celecoxib and gabapentin may be more effective and safer than traditional opioid regimens for controlling acute postoperative pain.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Evaluation StudyResearch that systematically evaluates the effectiveness of a particular program or policy. It measures its outcomes and provides important information for future decision-making.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

4.

Increase in unintentional medication overdose deaths: Oklahoma, 1994-2006.

Author: PiercefieldEmily, ArcherPam, KempPhilip, MalloneeSue

Unintentional overdose deaths

Unintentional medication-related deaths increased sevenfold in Oklahoma between 1994 and 2006, with prescription opioid analgesics being the most frequent contributing substances. Prevention strategies should target people aged 35-54 years.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

5.

Drug-poisoning Deaths Involving Opioid Analgesics: United States, 1999-2011.

Author: ChenLi Hui, HedegaardHolly, WarnerMargaret

Benzodiazepine use
Opioid poisoning deaths

Opioid analgesic poisoning deaths in the US have increased dramatically in recent years. This report examines trends in opioid poisoning deaths from 1999 to 2011.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

Transdermal buprenorphine controls central neuropathic pain.

Author: WeinerMichelle, SarantopoulosConstantine, GordonEva

Pain control
Cognitive impairment
Drowsiness
Sedation

This case report describes a patient with central pain syndrome who was successfully treated with buprenorphine after other opioids failed to reduce pain.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

The role of hydromorphone and OPRM1 in postoperative pain relief with hydrocodone.

Author: BoswellMark V, StaubleM Elaine, LoydGary E, LangmanLoralie, Ramey-HartungBronwyn, BaumgartnerRichard N, TuckerWilliam W, JortaniSaeed A

The study investigated the relationship between postoperative pain management, opioid response, and the A118G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the human opioid mu-1 receptor (OPRM1).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

8.

Patient recall of health care provider counseling for opioid-acetaminophen prescriptions.

Author: McCarthyDanielle M, CameronKenzie A, KingJennifer P, MullenRebecca J, BaileyStacy Cooper, JacobsonKara L, Di FrancescoLorenzo, DavisTerry C, ParkerRuth M, WolfMike S

A mixed methods approach using cross-sectional, structured interviews determined the frequency and nature of physician, nurse, and pharmacist verbal counseling at the time of a new prescription for an opioid-acetaminophen medication. The study found that patients infrequently recalled counseling from providers on topics important for preventing harm from these prescriptions.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Pain relief after dental impaction surgery using ketorolac, hydrocodone plus acetaminophen, or placebo.

Author: FrickeJ, HalladayS C, BynumL, FranciscoC A

Pain relief
Side effects

Ketorolac (10 mg) provided better pain relief with fewer side effects than hydrocodone/acetaminophen (10 mg/1000 mg) in patients with moderate pain after third molar surgery.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

Hydrocodone-acetaminophen for pain control in first-trimester surgical abortion: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: MicksElizabeth A, EdelmanAlison B, RennerRegina-Maria, FuRongwei, LambertWilliam E, BednarekPaula H, NicholsMark D, BeckleyEthan H, JensenJeffrey T

Pain relief

This study aimed to estimate the effect of hydrocodone-acetaminophen on pain perception during first-trimester surgical abortion.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

12.

Pregabalin has opioid-sparing effects following augmentation mammaplasty.

Author: FreedmanBruce M, O'HaraElizabeth

Narcotic use reduction
Nausea reduction
Pain reduction

Perioperative pregabalin administration in patients undergoing augmentation mammaplasty reduced postoperative narcotic use by 70%. There was also significantly less reported pain and a 46% reduction in nausea in the pregabalin-treated group.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

13.

Prevalence of side effects of prolonged low or moderate dose opioid therapy with concomitant benzodiazepine and/or antidepressant therapy in chronic non-cancer pain.

Author: ManchikantiLaxmaiah, ManchikantiKavita N, PampatiVidyasagar, CashKimberly A

Pain relief
Abuse
Addiction
Hormonal effects
Hyperalgesia
Immunosuppression
Tolerance

Opioids are widely used for chronic pain, but long-term high-dose use can lead to adverse effects like tolerance, abuse, and addiction. While high-dose opioid therapy has been shown to reduce pain intensity, there is limited data on the prevalence of side effects associated with low or moderate doses used in conjunction with interventional techniques for chronic non-cancer pain.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

14.

Opioid Prescribing Patterns and Costs in a Large Group of Patients in Colombia.

Author: Machado-AlbaJorge Enrique, Gaviria-MendozaAndres, Vargas-MosqueraCamila A, Gil-RestrepoAndrés Felipe, Romero-ZapataLuis C

Dependence
Side effects
Tolerance

This study determined prescription patterns of opioid medication in a group of patients through a cross-sectional study on a population database of 3.5 million people. The most prescribed opioids were codeine, tramadol, and hydrocodone.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

15.

Domestic abuse of the European rave drug prolintane.

Author: KylePatrick B, DaleyWilliam P

Death
Hallucinations
Insomnia
Irritability
Nervousness
Psychosis

Prolintane is a stimulant drug that is not available in the United States. This report describes the first two documented cases of prolintane abuse in the United States. Prolintane can cause symptoms similar to amphetamines and may not be detected by routine drug screens.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

16.

A comparison of 2 analgesic regimens for the control of postoperative periodontal discomfort.

Author: TuckerP W, SmithJ R, AdamsD F

Postoperative pain relief
Side effects

Etodolac and a combination of acetaminophen with hydrocodone were comparable in providing analgesia with minimal side effects in uncomplicated periodontal osseous surgery.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

Long-term effectiveness and safety of once-daily, single-entity, extended-release hydrocodone in patients of ≥75 years of age with moderate to severe nonmalignant and nonneuropathic pain.

Author: BroglioKathleen, PergolizziJoseph, KowalskiMaribeth, LynchShau Yu, HeEllie, WenWarren

Chronic pain treatment
Opioid side effects

Hysingla® ER (HYD) provided clinically meaningful reduction of pain scores in elderly patients with moderate-to-severe chronic pain that were maintained over a 52-week period.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Profound hearing loss associated with hydrocodone/acetaminophen abuse.

Author: FriedmanR A, HouseJ W, LuxfordW M, GheriniS, MillsD

Cochlear implantation success
Hearing loss

Hydrocodone overuse can be associated with rapidly progressive sensorineural hearing loss. These patients can be successfully rehabilitated with cochlear implantation.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

20.

A descriptive feasibility study to evaluate scheduled oral analgesic dosing at home for the management of postoperative pain in preschool children following tonsillectomy.

Author: SuttersKimberly A, Holdridge-ZeunerDanielle, WaiteSteven, PaulSteven M, SavedraMarilyn C, LanierBrent, MahoneyKarla, MiaskowskiChristine

Pain relief
Side effects

Acetaminophen with hydrocodone effectively relieves pain in preschool children after tonsillectomy, but parental adherence to scheduled dosing decreases over time. Scheduled dosing can lead to moderate to severe side effects such as sedation, nausea, vomiting, and constipation.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

22.

6beta-naltrexol preferentially antagonizes opioid effects on gastrointestinal transit compared to antinociception in mice.

Author: Yancey-WronaJanet E, RaymondTyler J, MercerHannah K, SadéeWolfgang, BilskyEdward J

Reduced abuse potential
Reduced opioid side effects
None reported

6beta-naltrexol and naltrexone are opioid antagonists that can block the effects of the opioid agonist hydrocodone. Naltrexone is more potent than 6beta-naltrexol in blocking hydrocodone-induced antinociception, whereas both drugs are nearly equipotent in blocking inhibition of gastrointestinal transit.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

23.

Tramadol versus hydrocodone-acetaminophen in acute musculoskeletal pain: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial.

Author: TurturroM A, ParisP M, LarkinG L

Pain relief
Tramadol inferior analgesia

Hydrocodone-acetaminophen provides superior analgesia to tramadol in ED patients with acute musculoskeletal pain.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Oral analgesics for acute nonspecific pain.

Author: SachsCarolyn J

Acute pain relief
Abuse
Addiction
Ataxia
Cognitive deficits
Sedation

This review of the available evidence supports the use of acetaminophen in doses up to 1,000 mg as the initial choice for mild to moderate acute pain. Ibuprofen in doses of 400 mg is the safest NSAID.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

27.

Perioperative systemic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in women undergoing breast surgery.

Author: KliftoKevin M, ElhelaliAla, PayneRachael M, CooneyCarisa M, ManahanMichele A, RossonGedge D

Inflammation reduction
Pain reduction
Bleeding complications

The use of NSAIDs for breast surgery requires careful consideration due to the potential for bleeding complications. However, NSAIDs can be effective for pain management, and further research is needed to determine the optimal risk/benefit ratio.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

28.

Addition of buprenorphine to local anesthetic in adductor canal blocks after total knee arthroplasty improves postoperative pain relief: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: KrishnanSandeep H, GilbertLisa A, GhoddoussiFarhad, ApplefieldDaniel J, KassabSafa S, EllisTerry A

Earlier mobilization
Increased preservation of quadriceps muscle strength

This study examined the effect of buprenorphine added to an adductor canal block (ACB) versus an ACB with local anesthetic alone on postoperative opioid consumption after unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

29.

The Appropriate Use of Opioids in the Treatment of Refractory Restless Legs Syndrome.

Author: SilberMichael H, BeckerPhilip M, BuchfuhrerMark J, EarleyChristopher J, OndoWilliam G, WaltersArthur S, WinkelmanJohn W,

RLS treatment
Opioid use disorder

This study reviewed the use of opioid therapy for refractory RLS. Opioids can be a life-transforming treatment option for patients with RLS who are unresponsive to standard therapies.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

30.

Methadone-induced bradycardia.

Author: AshwathMahi Lakshmi, AjjanMohammad, CulclasureTalley

Sinus bradycardia

Methadone is a drug that is used to treat opiate dependence. It has a molecular structure similar to verapamil and can cause similar side effects, such as sinus bradycardia.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

This site uses cookies. Visit our privacy policy page or click the link in any footer for more information and to change your preferences.