Effective treatment of inhalants: A Synthesis of Findings from 28 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Findings

Many researchers have hypothesized inhalation drug delivery for reducing treatment times and possibly limiting the insurgence of drug resistance. 8 aimed to identify and assess the preferences of inhalation therapy over injections/pills among pulmonary TB patients. 24 examined the effectiveness of training patients using DVD in the accurate use of inhalers for the treatment of bronchial asthma. 2 explored the potential benefits of orally inhaled drug administration in COVID-19 treatment.

Research on inhalant abuse has shown that inhalants can cause various neuropsychological effects. 1 reported that the neuropsychological effects of acute and chronic inhalant abuse include motor impairment, alterations in spontaneous motor activity, anticonvulsant effects, anxiolytic effects, sensory effects, and effects on learning, memory, and operant behavior.

10 evaluated the ability of environmental enrichment (EE) to attenuate addictive behaviors in mice after repeated exposure to toluene. The study showed that environmental enrichment can attenuate addictive behaviour induced by toluene and that dynamic changes in D1R are linked in this response.

Inhalant abuse has also been linked to cognitive impairment. 13 examined the effect of toluene vapor exposure on risk/reward decision-making in rats. The results showed that acute toluene exposure reduced behavioral flexibility during probabilistic discounting in rats, suggesting dysfunctional medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) activity.

Inhalant abuse has also been linked to mental health issues. 15 described latent profiles of EFs and distribution of neuropsychiatric disorders and patterns of severity of use across these profiles.

20 investigated whether abstinence following toluene exposure increases anxiety-like behavior in mice. The results showed that mice abstinent from toluene for 24h after a prolonged exposure displayed increases in anxiety-like behaviors.

22 investigated if environmental enrichment could reverse memory deficits induced by repeated administration of toluene. The results showed that environmental enrichment could reverse memory deficits induced by repeated administration of toluene.

3 assessed whether intranasal methylprednisolone could be considered as a treatment to reverse neuroinflammation and histological damages associated with the use of inhalants. The results showed that the treatment with intranasally administered MP significantly reduced the expression of TNF-α and NO and the expression of GFAP (p < 0.05); additionally, it reversed the central histological damage.

16 identified the acute harms associated with inhalant misuse attendances and determined whether these differed by age or gender. The study showed that inhalant misuse is associated with acute harms to the respiratory and circulatory systems, and that these harms differ by age and gender.

Treatment Summary

Treatments for inhalant abuse include pharmacotherapy, immunotherapy, environmental enrichment, nasal steroid administration, and yoga. 28 discussed pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy for allergic diseases. 21 explored the effects of inhalation of essential oil and perfume on the reduction of cue-induced craving for inhalant. 10 investigated the ability of environmental enrichment to attenuate addictive behaviors. 3 assessed whether intranasal methylprednisolone could be considered as a treatment to reverse neuroinflammation and histological damages associated with the use of inhalants. 18 provided an overview of yoga therapy in substance-use disorders.

Benefits and Risks

Benefits Summary

Inhaled medications can potentially have rapid effects in the treatment of respiratory diseases, such as asthma and tuberculosis. 24 8 2 Inhalation therapy can potentially have fewer side effects and faster onset of action compared to oral administration or injections. 2 Environmental enrichment may be effective in reducing addictive behaviors related to inhalant use. 10 Nasal steroid administration may be effective in reducing neuroinflammation induced by inhalant abuse. 3 Yoga may be a useful tool in managing substance use disorders, including inhalant abuse. 18

Risks Summary

Inhalant abuse can lead to various neuropsychological effects, cognitive impairment, mental health issues, and acute harms. 1 13 15 16 Improper use of inhalants can lead to addiction and dependence. 19

Research Comparisons

Research Similarities

Many studies have shown that inhalant abuse can lead to various health risks. 1 13 15 16 In addition, it has been suggested that inhalant abuse can lead to addiction and dependence. 19

Research Differences

Various approaches have been explored to address inhalant abuse, including pharmacotherapy, immunotherapy, environmental enrichment, nasal steroid administration, and others. 28 21 10 3 However, the effectiveness and efficacy of these treatment methods have not been fully established. 18

Consistency and Contradictions in Results

Inhalant abuse has been shown to lead to a variety of health risks. 1 13 15 16 However, there is no established, effective treatment for inhalant abuse. 28 21 10 3 Further research is needed. 18

Real-World Application Notes

Misuse of inhalants can lead to addiction and dependence. 19 It is important to follow a doctor's instructions when using inhalants. 8 24 2 Inhalant abuse is a serious health concern, so it is advisable to avoid using inhalants altogether. 1 13 15 16

Limitations of Current Research

Research on inhalant abuse is still limited. 21 18 28 In particular, more research is needed on effective treatments for inhalant abuse. 28 18

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to develop effective treatments for inhalant abuse. 28 18 Many research questions remain, such as the mechanisms of inhalant addiction and dependence, the neuropsychological effects and cognitive impairment caused by inhalant abuse, and the effectiveness of treatments for inhalant abuse. 1 13 15 21 10 3

Conclusion

Inhalants are used for a variety of purposes, but misuse can lead to addiction, dependence, and health risks. 19 It is important to follow a doctor's instructions when using inhalants. 8 24 2 Inhalant abuse is a serious health concern, so it is advisable to avoid using inhalants altogether. 1 13 15 16 There is no established, effective treatment for inhalant abuse. 28 21 10 3 More research is needed to understand the mechanisms of inhalant abuse and to develop effective treatments. 18

Treatment List

Pharmacotherapy, immunotherapy, environmental enrichment, nasal steroid administration, essential oil inhalation, yoga

Literature analysis of 28 papers
Positive Content
16
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
11
Article Type
1
0
1
8
27
1.

Treatment for inhalant dependence and abuse.

Author: KonghomSuwapat, VerachaiViroj, SrisurapanontManit, SuwanmajoSomporn, RanuwattananonApichart, KimsongneunNipa, UttawichaiKanok

Learning and memory impairment
Motor impairment
Neuropsychological effects

Inhalant abuse, prevalent among disadvantaged children and adolescents, can lead to various neuropsychological effects including motor impairment, altered motor activity, and effects on learning and memory.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Systematic ReviewA review that systematically collects, evaluates, and integrates relevant research to answer a specific research question.

Language : English

2.

Antivirals and the Potential Benefits of Orally Inhaled Drug Administration in COVID-19 Treatment.

Author: SahinGokben, Akbal-DagistanOzlem, CulhaMeltem, ErturkAybige, BasarirNur Sena, SancarSerap, Yildiz-PekozAyca

COVID-19 treatment

This review article examines the potential for inhaled antiviral drugs in the treatment of COVID-19. The article discusses the advantages of inhaled drug delivery, such as higher drug concentrations in the pulmonary system and reduced systemic side effects. The article reviews commonly used antiviral drugs and discusses current studies on inhalation therapy for COVID-19, advocating for inhaled antivirals as a potential treatment option.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

The last two decades on preclinical and clinical research on inhalant effects.

Author: CruzSilvia L, BowenScott E

Inhalant abuse

This paper reviews the scientific evidence on the effects and mechanisms of action of commonly misused inhalants. It covers the different types of inhalants, their health effects, intoxication signs, treatment options, and current intervention strategies. The paper concludes with a research agenda to promote further study of inhalant use and its consequences.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

7.

Inhalants.

Author: SchwarzEvan S

Hydroxocobalamin treatment
Inhalant toxicity

Toxic inhalants can cause various respiratory injuries. Irritants affect the upper and lower respiratory tracts, while asphyxiants disrupt oxygen intake. Electronic cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI) is a relatively new illness associated with vaping cannabinoids. Treatment for these injuries is largely supportive, and may include hydroxocobalamin for cyanide poisoning and steroids for EVALI.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

Current Status of the Treatment of COPD in China: A Multicenter Prospective Observational Study.

Author: ZengYuqin, CaiShan, ChenYan, DuanJiaxi, ZhaoYiyang, LiXin, MaLibing, LiuQimi, ZhuYingqun, ChenMing, ZhouMeiling, ChenPing

COPD treatment
COPD

This study aims to understand how COPD is managed in real-world settings and the long-term outcomes for patients after treatment.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Multicenter StudyResearch conducted in collaboration with multiple research institutions. It aims to collect a wide range of data and obtain more generalizable results.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

10.

Environmental enrichment reduces behavioural sensitization in mice previously exposed to toluene: The role of D1 receptors.

Author: Páez-MartínezNayeli, PellicerFrancisco, González-TrujanoMaría Eva, Cruz-LópezBeatriz

Increased D1R levels
Reduced toluene addiction

Environmental enrichment (EE) was found to attenuate addictive behavior induced by toluene in mice. Changes in D1 receptor levels were linked to this response, with EE increasing D1R levels and attenuating sensitization.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

11.

New perspectives in allergen specific immunotherapy driven by big trials with house dust mite sublingual SQ<sup>&#174;</sup> tablets.

Author: VitielloGianfranco, MaltagliatiLucia, RossiOliviero

Allergy treatment
Asthma control

This review highlights the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy with SQ-HDM tablets for the treatment of house-dust mite (HDM) allergic rhinitis with or without allergic asthma.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

12.

BOLD activation during cue induced craving in adolescent inhalant users.

Author: JainShobhit, DhawanAnju, KumaranS Senthil, DeepRaman, JainRaka

Inhalant use

This study compared brain activity patterns in adolescent inhalant users and healthy controls in response to craving cues. Inhalant users showed increased activation in brain regions associated with visuo-spatial attention, visual perception, working memory, and motivation, while the control group showed activation in the insula. These findings provide insights into the neural mechanisms underlying cue-induced craving in adolescent inhalant users.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Observational StudyResearch that observes and collects data on participants' behavior and outcomes in their natural state, without intervention.

Language : English

13.

The Abused Inhalant Toluene Impairs Medial Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Risk/Reward Decision-Making during a Probabilistic Discounting Task.

Author: BraunscheidelKevin M, OkasMichael P, HoffmanMichaela, MulhollandPatrick J, FlorescoStan B, WoodwardJohn J

Cognitive impairment
Inhalant abuse

Toluene use is linked to cognitive problems in humans. This study investigated the effects of toluene vapor exposure on risk/reward decision-making in rats. The results suggest that toluene exposure impairs behavioral flexibility and that this impairment may be related to changes in activity in the medial prefrontal cortex.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

14.

Assessment and treatment of acute toxic inhalations.

Author: CowlClayton T

Toxic Inhalation Diagnosis
Toxic Inhalation Treatment

Acute toxic inhalation exposures can be challenging to diagnose due to the variety of agents, concentrations, and response times. This article discusses key aspects of the most common acute toxic inhalations to assist in developing a diagnosis and treatment strategy.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

15.

Neuropsychiatric characterization of individuals with inhalant use disorder and polysubstance use according to latent profiles of executive functioning.

Author: Marín-NavarreteRodrigo, Toledo-FernándezAldebarán, Villalobos-GallegosLuis, Pérez-LópezAlejandro, Medina-MoraMaría Elena

Executive function deficits

Latent profile analysis identified three distinct profiles of executive functions (EFs) in individuals with inhalant use disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

16.

Acute harms associated with inhalant misuse: Co-morbidities and trends relative to age and gender among ambulance attendees.

Author: CrossinRose, ScottDebbie, WittKatrina G, DuncanJhodie R, SmithKaren, LubmanDan I

Inhalant misuse

This study aimed to identify the acute harms associated with inhalant misuse attendances and to determine whether these harms differ by age or gender.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

17.

Latent Classes of Substance Use Among American Indian and White Students Living on or Near Reservations, 2009-2013.

Author: StanleyLinda R, SwaimRandall C

Substance use

This study examines substance use patterns among American Indian and white adolescents residing on or near reservations. The study highlights the higher rates of substance use reported by American Indian adolescents compared to their white counterparts, emphasizing the need for tailored prevention and treatment programs.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.

Language : English

18.

Role of Yoga in Management of Substance-use Disorders: A Narrative Review.

Author: KuppiliPooja Patnaik, ParmarArpit, GuptaAnkit, BalharaYatan Pal Singh

Substance use reduction

This narrative review provides an overview of yoga therapy in substance-use disorders and discusses the relevant methodological issues.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

19.

When good times go bad: managing 'legal high' complications in the emergency department.

Author: CaffreyCharles R, LankPatrick M

Legal high toxicity

This article reviews "legal highs," uncontrolled psychoactive substances with potential for abuse and toxicity. These include novel psychoactive substances, over-the-counter medications, herbal supplements, and even household spices. Patients may misidentify substances, and testing is often limited. Treatment focuses on aggressive symptom-based supportive care and management of end-organ dysfunction.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

21.

A novel approach of substitution therapy with inhalation of essential oil for the reduction of inhalant craving: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

Author: KalayasiriRasmon, ManeesangWanjaree, MaesMichael

Inhalant craving reduction
Inhalant dependence

This double-blinded, randomized, controlled crossover study found that inhaling essential oil significantly reduced cue-induced craving for inhalants in Thai males with inhalant dependence, suggesting a potential substitution treatment for the disorder.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, N.I.H., ExtramuralResearch funding provided by the NIH to external research institutions and researchers.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Effectiveness of training patients using DVD in the accurate use of inhalers for the treatment of bronchial asthma.

Author: TakitaKoichiro, KondoRieko, HoriguchiTakahiko

Accurate inhaler use

This pilot study examined the efficacy of a DVD and user manual explaining the operation of inhaler devices used in Japan. The materials aimed to improve patient accuracy in inhaler use.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

27.

EAACI Molecular Allergology User's Guide.

Author: MatricardiP M, Kleine-TebbeJ, HoffmannH J, ValentaR, HilgerC, HofmaierS, AalberseR C, AgacheI, AseroR, Ballmer-WeberB, BarberD, BeyerK, BiedermannT, BilòM B, BlankS, BohleB, BosshardP P, BreitenederH, BroughH A, CaraballoL, CaubetJ C, CrameriR, DaviesJ M, DouladirisN, EbisawaM, EIgenmannP A, Fernandez-RivasM, FerreiraF, GadermaierG, GlatzM, HamiltonR G, HawranekT, HellingsP, Hoffmann-SommergruberK, JakobT, JappeU, JutelM, KamathS D, KnolE F, KorosecP, KuehnA, LackG, LopataA L, MäkeläM, MorissetM, NiederbergerV, Nowak-WęgrzynA H, PapadopoulosN G, PastorelloE A, PauliG, Platts-MillsT, PosaD, PoulsenL K, RaulfM, SastreJ, ScalaE, SchmidJ M, Schmid-GrendelmeierP, van HageM, van ReeR, ViethsS, WeberR, WickmanM, MuraroA, OllertM

Allergy diagnosis

This article provides a comprehensive overview of component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) for IgE-mediated allergies. The article discusses the availability of allergen molecules, families, composition of extracts, databases, and diagnostic IgE, skin, and basophil tests.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Practice GuidelineGuidelines and recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of specific medical conditions in medical practice.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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