Side Effects of magnesium hydroxide: A Synthesis of Findings from 24 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Magnesium hydroxide is a commonly used antacid for relieving symptoms associated with excess stomach acid, such as peptic ulcers. Studies have generally shown magnesium hydroxide to be safe and effective, but some side effects have been reported. The study in 14 indicated that magnesium hydroxide is well-tolerated by the human body, even at relatively high doses, with no subjective or objective side effects observed during 6 weeks of continuous treatment. The study in 12 demonstrated the effectiveness of magnesium hydroxide in reducing serum iron levels after iron overdose in animal models. The study in 6 showed that magnesium hydroxide was effective in relieving symptoms of gastric ulcers compared to cimetidine, but had a lower ulcer healing rate, with cimetidine being superior.

Reasons for Side Effects

The side effects of magnesium hydroxide are attributed to its chemical properties and its potential to affect mineral metabolism in the body. The study in 22 showed that the side effects of antacids vary depending on the dose and type of antacid. For example, high doses of magnesium hydroxide can cause fluid retention depending on the sodium content of the antacid preparation. Magnesium hydroxide can also raise urinary pH, promoting the precipitation of calcium and magnesium salts, increasing the risk of kidney stone formation. The study in 9 showed that magnesium hydroxide can be used as a phosphate binder in patients on chronic hemodialysis without adversely affecting bone mineralization.

Common Side Effects

Diarrhea

Magnesium hydroxide can cause diarrhea because it absorbs water in the intestines and softens stools. 22

Constipation

Long-term use of magnesium hydroxide can lead to constipation due to excessive absorption of water in the intestines. 22

Magnesium Overdose

High doses of magnesium hydroxide can lead to excessive accumulation of magnesium in the body, causing magnesium overdose. 10 Magnesium overdose can cause symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, difficulty breathing, and impaired consciousness.

Phosphate Deficiency

Magnesium hydroxide can interfere with the absorption of phosphate in the intestines. As a result, long-term use of magnesium hydroxide can cause phosphate deficiency. 22 Phosphate deficiency can lead to bone diseases such as osteomalacia and osteoporosis. 3

Countermeasures for Side Effects

Diarrhea Countermeasures

If you are concerned about diarrhea, reduce your intake of magnesium hydroxide or take antidiarrheal medications. 9

Constipation Countermeasures

If you are concerned about constipation, eat a diet high in fiber, drink plenty of fluids, and take laxatives as needed. 22

Magnesium Overdose Countermeasures

If you experience symptoms of magnesium overdose, seek immediate medical attention.

Phosphate Deficiency Countermeasures

If you suspect phosphate deficiency, seek medical attention and take phosphate supplements if necessary. 3

Comparison between Studies

Commonalities among Studies

These studies show that magnesium hydroxide is effective in relieving symptoms associated with excess stomach acid. However, they also show that magnesium hydroxide can cause side effects such as diarrhea, constipation, magnesium overdose, and phosphate deficiency, depending on the dose and duration of intake.

Differences between Studies

The studies differ in the incidence and severity of side effects of magnesium hydroxide. This is likely due to differences in the age, gender, health status, dose, and duration of magnesium hydroxide intake of the study subjects.

Points to Note Regarding Application to Daily Life

Magnesium hydroxide is widely available as an over-the-counter medication, and is often used by individuals without consulting a doctor. However, magnesium hydroxide can cause serious side effects when taken for long periods or in high doses. Therefore, always consult a doctor or pharmacist before taking magnesium hydroxide and follow their instructions.

Limitations of Current Research

There is still not enough research on the side effects of magnesium hydroxide. In particular, more research is needed on the effects of long-term magnesium hydroxide intake on the human body.

Directions for Future Research

Future research should investigate the effects of long-term magnesium hydroxide intake on the human body in more detail. The development of new medications and treatments to reduce the side effects of magnesium hydroxide is also important.

Conclusion

Magnesium hydroxide is an effective medication for relieving symptoms associated with excess stomach acid, but it also poses the risk of side effects. Always consult a doctor or pharmacist before taking magnesium hydroxide and follow their instructions.

Keywords
Benefit Keywords
Osteomalacia treatment
1
Phosphate binding
2
Infection control
Pain control
Wound healing
4
Effective for acid-peptic disease
5
Gastric Ulcer Pain Relief
6
Duodenal ulcer prevention
7
Effective treatment for gastric ulcers
Low side effects
8
Hyperaluminaemia prevention
Hyperphosphataemia control
9
Treats heartburn
10
Antibacterial property
Biodegradable stent
11
Reduced iron absorption
12
No stool changes
Tolerated subjectively
13
Antacid Tolerability
Effective Treatment
14
Reduced side effects
16
Improved phosphate binding
Reduced hyperphosphataemia
17
High graft survival rate
Improved renal function
18
Atrial fibrillation prevention
19
Accelerated ulcer healing
Symptom relief
20
None reported
22
Improved patient satisfaction
23
Colonic cleansing quality
Patient satisfaction
24
Risk Keywords
Osteomalacia
Phosphate malabsorption
1
Aluminum ingestion
Gastrointestinal side effects
Hypermagnesemia
2
Aluminum and magnesium accumulation
Osteomalacia
Phosphate depletion
Skeletal impairment
3
Constipation
Diarrhea
Metabolic side effects
5
No significant side effects
7
Diarrhea
8
Diarrhea
Increased potassium binder need
9
Bone demineralization
Dialysis-associated encephalopathy
Hyperaluminemia
Hypermagnesemia
Nephrolithiasis
Osteomalacia
Phosphate depletion
10
Degradation products
11
Decreased phosphate elimination
Increased serum aluminum
Increased serum magnesium
13
Difficult to administer
More side effects
15
Adverse drug reaction
16
None mentioned
17
Additive cost
Side effects
18
Aluminum accumulation
20
Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome
Fluid retention
Metabolic alkalosis
Phosphorus depletion
Renal stone formation
22
Literature analysis of 24 papers
Positive Content
19
Neutral Content
0
Negative Content
5
Article Type
11
0
0
2
24
1.

Osteomalacia from Mg-containing antacid: a case report of bilateral hip fracture.

Author: SivasFiliz, GünesenOzcan, OzoranKürşat, AlemdaroğluEbru

Osteomalacia treatment
Osteomalacia
Phosphate malabsorption

This case report describes a 42-year-old female patient who developed osteomalacia after using magnesium hydroxide for its laxative effect and losing 90 kg in 2 years.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

2.

Use of magnesium hydroxide and low magnesium dialysate does not permit reduction of aluminum hydroxide during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Author: JenningsA E, BodvarssonM, Galicka-PiskorskaG, DiefendorfA S, SimonG M, LeveyA S

Phosphate binding
Aluminum ingestion
Gastrointestinal side effects
Hypermagnesemia

Substituting magnesium hydroxide for aluminum hydroxide as a phosphate binder in patients on CAPD failed to reduce the aluminum dose in most patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

4.

Zinc chloride spray--magnesium hydroxide ointment dual topical regimen in the treatment of obstetric and gynecologic incisional wounds.

Author: PastorfideG B, GorgonioN M, GanzonA R, AlbertoR M

Infection control
Pain control
Wound healing

Dual topical therapy with zinc chloride spray and magnesium hydroxide ointment is safe and effective in accelerating wound healing in obstetric and gynecologic patients. The treatment group experienced a more marked decrease in wound size, shorter healing time, better control of infection, less dehiscence, and more effective pain control compared to the placebo group. No side effects were noted in either group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

5.

Pharmacology and clinical use of antacids.

Author: GreenF W, NortonR A, KaplanM M

Effective for acid-peptic disease
Constipation
Diarrhea
Metabolic side effects

Antacids are effective in treating acid-peptic disease. Liquid antacid suspensions should be given after meals and at bedtime. Calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate should rarely be employed due to their harmful systemic side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

Comparative study of cimetidine and Mylanta II in the 6-week treatment of gastric ulcer.

Author: SherbaniukR W, WenselR H, BaileyR J, KirdeikisP, FisherD, ThomsonA B

Gastric Ulcer Pain Relief

Cimetidine (300 mg q.i.d.) was more effective than antacids in healing gastric ulcers in 38 patients. Both treatments effectively relieved symptoms.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

7.

Long-term low-dose antacid versus cimetidine therapy in the treatment of duodenal ulcer recurrence.

Author: Bianchi PorroG, LazzaroniM, PaceF, PetrilloM

Duodenal ulcer prevention
No significant side effects

Cimetidine, low-dose antacid, and a combination of the two drugs were all equally effective in preventing duodenal ulcer recurrence. No serious side effects were observed in any treatment group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

8.

[Therapy of stomach ulcer with low-dose antacid gel and cimetidine. A multicenter double-blind study].

Author: PaceF, BrökerH J, CasparyW, DomschkeW, FeurleG, FimmelC J, HackenbergK, HammerB, HoltermüllerK H, HotzJ

Effective treatment for gastric ulcers
Low side effects
Diarrhea

Low-dose antacid gel and cimetidine were both effective in treating gastric ulcers in patients. After 8 weeks, cure rates were 76% for antacid gel and 89% for cimetidine. Both treatments were well-tolerated, but diarrhea was more common with cimetidine.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : German

9.

Magnesium hydroxide as a complementary aluminium-free phosphate binder to moderate doses of oral calcium in uraemic patients on chronic haemodialysis: lack of deleterious effect on bone mineralisation.

Author: MorinièreP, VinatierI, WesteelP F, CohemsolalM, BelbrikS, AbdulmassihZ, HocineC, MarieA, LeflonP, RocheD

Hyperaluminaemia prevention
Hyperphosphataemia control
Diarrhea
Increased potassium binder need

Magnesium hydroxide was effective in controlling hyperphosphataemia without hyperaluminaemia in 20 haemodialysed patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

10.

Antacid therapy--changes in mineral metabolism.

Author: HerzogP, HoltermüllerK H

Treats heartburn
Bone demineralization
Dialysis-associated encephalopathy
Hyperaluminemia
Hypermagnesemia
Nephrolithiasis
Osteomalacia
Phosphate depletion

Antacid ingestion can lead to side effects related to their chemical composition. Aluminum hydroxide can cause phosphate depletion, bone demineralization, and contribute to hyperaluminemia in patients with renal failure. Magnesium hydroxide can cause hypermagnesemia in renal insufficiency.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

12.

Effect of magnesium hydroxide administration on iron absorption after a supratherapeutic dose of ferrous sulfate in human volunteers: a randomized controlled trial.

Author: SnyderB K, ClarkR F

Reduced iron absorption

The study aims to investigate the effects of magnesium hydroxide administration on iron absorption and adverse effects after a supratherapeutic dose of ferrous sulfate in healthy male volunteers.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

13.

[Serum and urine electrolyte behavior under therapeutic dosage of a potent magnesium and aluminum hydroxide containing antacid].

Author: GrünzigG, LückerP W, SchnitkerJ

No stool changes
Tolerated subjectively
Decreased phosphate elimination
Increased serum aluminum
Increased serum magnesium

Maalox 70, an antacid, increased serum magnesium and aluminum levels and renal excretion of these minerals while decreasing phosphate elimination.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : German

14.

Human tolerability and pharmacodynamic study of Tisacid tablet in duodenal ulcer patients. A prospective, randomized, self-controlled clinicopharmacological study.

Author: NagyL, TárnokF, PastT, MózsikG, DeákG, TapsonyiZ, FendlerK, JávorT

Antacid Tolerability
Effective Treatment

TISACID, a new antacid, was tolerated by humans without side effects. It rapidly and permanently reduced the acidity of the gastric content.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

15.

Bethanechol versus antiacids in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux.

Author: LeviP, MarmoF, SaluzzoC, Dell'OlioD, AnsaldiN, GiulianiL, GuardamagnaO, MostertM, PonzoneA

Difficult to administer
More side effects

Bethanechol was no more effective than antiacids in treating gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

17.

Different Mg to Fe ratios in the mixed metal MgFe hydroxy-carbonate compounds and the effect on phosphate binding compared with established phosphate binders.

Author: ZhuH, WebbM, BuckleyJ, RobertsN B

Improved phosphate binding
Reduced hyperphosphataemia
None mentioned

This study investigates the efficacy of mixed metal hydroxy-carbonate compounds (MMHCs) as phosphate binders in treating hyperphosphatemia, showing promising results in comparison to established binders.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

18.

Misoprostol in renal transplant recipients: a prospective, randomized, controlled study on the prevention of acute rejection episodes and cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity.

Author: Pouteil-NobleC, ChapuisF, BerraN, Hadj-AissaA, LacavalerieB, LefrançoisN, MartinX, TouraineJ L

High graft survival rate
Improved renal function
Additive cost
Side effects

Misoprostol did not significantly reduce the incidence of rejection episodes or improve renal function in renal transplant patients, despite its known side effects and additional cost.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

19.

The clinical noncompliance of oral sotalol/magnesium for prophylactic treatment of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting.

Author: MariscalcoGiovanni, CederlundBengt, EngströmKarl Gunnar

Atrial fibrillation prevention

The tested treatment protocol showed limited compliance among routine cardiac-surgery patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

20.

Antacids for peptic ulcer: do we have anything better?

Author: BerstadA, WebergR

Accelerated ulcer healing
Symptom relief
Aluminum accumulation

Low-dose antacid tablets are as effective as liquid antacids in treating peptic ulcers. Low-dose antacid regimens are usually well-tolerated and have few side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

21.

The effect of concomitantly administered antacids on the bioavailability of lornoxicam, a novel highly potent NSAID.

Author: DittrichP, Radhofer-WelteS, MagometschniggD, KukovetzW R, MayerhoferS, FerberH P

Antacids are used to treat gastrointestinal side effects of NSAIDs. This study investigated the effect of Maalox and Solugastril on the bioavailability of Lornoxicam, an NSAID. Neither antacid significantly affected the pharmacokinetic parameters of Lornoxicam.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

22.

[Effect of antacids on mineral metabolism].

Author: HerzogP

None reported
Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome
Fluid retention
Metabolic alkalosis
Phosphorus depletion
Renal stone formation

Antacid therapy has various side effects depending on the type and dosage. High doses can lead to fluid retention, metabolic alkalosis, renal stone formation, phosphorus depletion, and aluminum deposition in the brain.

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : German

23.

Self-medication of upper gastrointestinal symptoms with hydrotalcite: a noninterventional community pharmacy study on drug usage and patient satisfaction.

Author: HäckerFranziska, MorckHartmut

Improved patient satisfaction

This non-interventional study investigated patient satisfaction with antacid use for acid-related gastrointestinal symptoms.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

24.

Administration of olive oil followed by a low volume of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution improves patient satisfaction with right-side colonic cleansing over administration of the conventional volume of polyethylene glycol-electrolyte lavage solution for colonoscopy preparation.

Author: AbutEvren, GuveliHakan, YasarBulent, BolukbasCengiz, BolukbasFiliz Fusun, InceAli Tuzun, KendirTulin, DalayAli Remzi, KurdasOya Ovunc

Colonic cleansing quality
Patient satisfaction

Pretreatment with olive oil before administration of a low volume of PEG-ELS enhances patient satisfaction and the quality of right-side colonic cleansing compared to the conventional volume of PEG-ELS. The olive oil regimen is recommended for patients who are not able to consume large volumes of liquids.

Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

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