Side Effects of methenamine: A Synthesis of Findings from 15 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Findings

Methenamine is a drug used to prevent and treat urinary tract infections (UTIs). Multiple studies have shown that methenamine is effective in preventing UTIs. 7 shows that methenamine is effective in preventing recurrent UTIs in children, and 9 shows that it is effective in preventing UTIs in women. 3 shows that it is effective in preventing UTIs in patients with indwelling catheters. Furthermore, shows it to be effective in preventing and treating UTIs in children. Methenamine may also be effective in preventing UTIs in kidney transplant recipients. 10 indicates that methenamine may be effective in preventing recurrent UTIs in kidney transplant recipients.

Methenamine is also used to treat hyperhidrosis. 12 shows that methenamine is effective in treating palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis. 1 demonstrates that it is more effective and has fewer side effects compared to other therapies. 11 shows that it is effective in controlling sweating in people who use prostheses.

Reasons for Side Effects

Methenamine works by creating an alkaline environment in the urinary tract, which inhibits bacterial growth. However, methenamine breaks down in the body to produce formaldehyde, which can be irritating and cause side effects.

Common Side Effects

Gastrointestinal

Methenamine can cause gastrointestinal side effects. The main side effects include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and diarrhea. 9 reports that gastrointestinal side effects occurred in about 14% of patients who took methenamine. 7 reported that many children taking methenamine complained about the taste. This is thought to be due to the bitterness of methenamine. Methenamine has been reported to cause side effects such as loss of appetite and weight loss. 2 reports that the weight of sheep that received methenamine was significantly lower compared to the control group. This is thought to be due to methenamine affecting digestive function and hindering digestion and absorption.

Urinary System

Methenamine can cause urinary side effects. The main side effects include cystitis, urethritis, and urinary stones. 9 reports that urinary tract infections occurred in about 10% of patients who took methenamine. reports that urinary tract infections occurred in about 10% of children who took methenamine. Taking methenamine can put a burden on the kidneys and lead to decreased kidney function. 2 reports that serum creatinine levels in sheep that received methenamine were significantly higher compared to the control group. This is thought to be due to methenamine affecting kidney function and hindering kidney function.

Other

Methenamine can cause side effects such as rash, itching, headache, dizziness, difficulty breathing, and allergic reactions. 2 reports that abnormalities were found in the brains of sheep that received methenamine. This is thought to be due to methenamine affecting the nervous system and causing nerve damage. 12 reports that no sensitization to formaldehyde was found when methenamine was used to treat hyperhidrosis. This is thought to be because the amount of formaldehyde produced by the breakdown of methenamine is not enough to cause sensitization. However, formaldehyde is an irritant to the skin and mucous membranes, so caution is needed.

Side Effects Management

Gastrointestinal

If gastrointestinal side effects occur, measures such as dietary therapy and drug therapy can be considered. Dietary therapy involves consuming easy-to-digest foods and eating in small portions. Drug therapy involves the use of drugs such as antiemetics and gastric acid secretion inhibitors. When taking methenamine, it is important to take it with water. Taking it with water can help reduce irritation to the gastrointestinal tract.

Urinary System

If urinary side effects occur, antibiotic therapy is used. If urinary stones occur, treatment such as surgery or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy may be necessary. To prevent urinary stones, it is important to stay hydrated. Adequate hydration can help prevent urinary stones from forming. When taking methenamine, it is important to stay hydrated. Adequate hydration can help reduce irritation to the urinary tract.

Other

If you experience side effects such as rash, itching, headache, dizziness, consult a doctor and stop taking methenamine. If an allergic reaction occurs, seek immediate medical attention.

Comparison of Studies

Commonalities

Many studies have shown that methenamine is effective in preventing UTIs. Also, methenamine has been shown to have relatively few side effects.

Differences

There are differences in the effects and side effects of methenamine depending on the study. For example, 9 shows that methenamine is effective in preventing UTIs, while 8 shows that it is less effective compared to other drugs. 7 reports that many children who took methenamine complained about the taste, while 3 reports that many patients who took methenamine did not report side effects. These differences may be due to differences in study design and subjects.

Notes on Application to Real Life

Methenamine is an effective drug for preventing UTIs, but it can also cause side effects. Be sure to consult a doctor and follow their instructions when taking methenamine. Also, consult a doctor immediately if you experience any side effects while taking it. Do not take methenamine without consulting a doctor. Taking it without consulting a doctor can increase the risk of side effects.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on methenamine is still not sufficient. In particular, there is much that is unknown about the long-term effects of methenamine. Also, the mechanism by which methenamine works has not yet been fully elucidated.

Future Research Directions

Further research is needed to elucidate the long-term effects and mechanism of action of methenamine. Also, large-scale clinical trials are needed to verify the safety and efficacy of methenamine.

Conclusion

Methenamine is an effective drug for preventing UTIs, but it can also cause side effects. Be sure to consult a doctor and follow their instructions when taking methenamine. Further research on methenamine is needed, and large-scale clinical trials are needed to verify the safety and efficacy of methenamine.

Literature analysis of 15 papers
Positive Content
14
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
5
0
0
1
15
2.

Primary evaluation of methenamine as a NPN compound with probable effects on increasing ruminal escaped protein.

Author: Mohebbi-FaniM, ShekarforooshS, MalekiM, VahediN

Non-protein nitrogen source
No serious side effects

Methenamine can be used as a non-protein nitrogenous compound in feedlot lambs without serious side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

3.

Prophylactic methenamine hippurate or nitrofurantoin in patients with an indwelling urinary catheter.

Author: NyrénP, RunebergL, KostialaA I, RenkonenO V, RoineR

Catheter complications reduction
Urinary tract inflammation

This study evaluated the effectiveness of methenamine hippurate (MH) and nitrofurantoin (NF) in preventing urinary tract infections in elderly patients with cerebrovascular disease requiring indwelling catheters. While NF delayed the appearance of antibody-coated bacteria, it did not prevent infections after two months. MH had less effect on bacterial growth but significantly reduced the need for antibiotic treatment. Both MH and NF groups experienced fewer mechanical catheter complications. Although inflammatory changes in the urinary tract were common after prolonged catheter use, a positive antibody-coated bacteria test did not provide significant therapeutic guidance. Prophylactic urinary tract disinfectants are not always necessary, but continuous use is recommended for recurrent complications. MH is preferred due to fewer side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

4.

Evidence-based review of nonantibiotic urinary tract infection prevention strategies for women: a patient-centered approach.

Author: StairSabrina L, PalmerCristina J, LeeUna J

rUTI prevention

Vaginal estrogen and cranberry supplements are recommended as first-line prevention strategies for recurrent urinary tract infections (rUTIs), especially in postmenopausal women. Methenamine, d-mannose, and increased hydration also have evidence to support their use. Non-antibiotic prevention strategies can be used in combination to effectively manage rUTIs.

ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

5.

Urinary tract analgesics for the treatment of patients with acute cystitis: where is the clinical evidence?

Author: PergialiotisVassilis, ArnosPantelis, MavrosMichael N, PitsouniEleni, AthanasiouStavros, FalagasMatthew E

Uroanalgesic safety

This review discusses concerns regarding the use of over-the-counter uroanalgesics, specifically phenazopyridine and methenamine hippurate.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

6.

Identifying urotropine derivatives as co-donors of formaldehyde and nitric oxide for improving antitumor therapy.

Author: ZhangYu, FengShujun, MengXia, LuoJun, XuYurui, NingXinghai

Cancer treatment

A novel co-donor of formaldehyde and nitric oxide (FANO) was developed, resulting in synergistic anticancer effects. Liposomal formulation of FANO effectively inhibited tumor growth with minimal side-effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

7.

Long-term prophylaxis with methenamine hippurate in girls with recurrent urinary tract infections.

Author: PetersenS

Reduced UTIs
Taste complaints

Methenamine hippurate was effective in reducing the number of urinary tract infections in girls aged 5-12 years. The number of infections per patient per year was reduced from 3.1 to 0.7 after 12 months of treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

9.

Long-term prophylaxis of urinary infections in women: comparative trial of trimethoprim, methenamine hippurate and topical povidone-iodine.

Author: BrumfittW, Hamilton-MillerJ M, GarganR A, CooperJ, SmithG W

Reduced colonization
Reduced infection incidence
Side effects

A study of 64 patients with frequent urinary tract infections compared three long-term preventative treatments: nightly trimethoprim, methenamine hippurate twice daily, and twice-daily perineal cleansing with povidone-iodine solution. All treatments effectively reduced the number of urinary tract infections compared to the year before treatment. While all treatments were effective, trimethoprim was better tolerated and reduced colonization of E. coli in the periurethral area. However, most breakthrough infections in the trimethoprim group were caused by trimethoprim-resistant bacteria, while this was less common in other groups. This study suggests that trimethoprim may be a good preventative option, but it’s important to be aware of the potential for developing resistant bacteria.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

11.

The use of Methenamine as an antiperspirant for amputees.

Author: SusakZ, MinkovR, IsakovE

Reduced sweating

Methenamine, a formaldehyde-releasing agent, was effective in reducing sweating in amputation stumps without causing significant side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

12.

Treatment of hyperhidrosis with topical methenamine.

Author: BergstresserP R, QueroR

Effective for hyperhidrosis
No formaldehyde sensitization

Methenamine, a polycyclic organic compound, significantly reduced sweating in 109 patients with hyperhidrosis after one month of daily application. No patients were sensitized to formaldehyde.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

13.

Combination of trimethoprim and methenamine hippurate in the treatment of acute urinary tract infections.

Author: SeppänenJ, SulkavaT, VaalastiT, KorhonenH, RäisänenS, YlitaloP

TMP-MH combination
UTI treatment
Side effects

A new antimicrobial drug combination of trimethoprim and methenamine hippurate was effective in treating acute UTI in 91 to 98% of patients. Side effects were least common in the group treated with the lower dose.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

14.

Secondary prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections. Comparison of the effect of placebo, methenamine hippurate, nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim alone.

Author: KasanenA, JunnilaS Y, KaarsaloE, HajbaA, SundquistH

UTI treatment
Drug resistance
Side effects

Trimethoprim was most effective in preventing recurrent urinary tract infection, with a recurrence rate of 10.4%, compared to 63.2% in the placebo group.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Comparative StudyResearch that compares multiple groups/interventions to determine differences/similarities in outcomes/characteristics.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

15.

Effects of sarizotan in animal models of ADHD: challenging pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships.

Author: DanyszWojciech, FlikGunnar, McCrearyAndrew, ToberCarsten, DimpfelWilfried, BizotJean C, KostrzewaRichard, BrownRussell W, JatzkeClaudia C, GrecoSergio, JenssenAnn-Kristin, ParsonsChristopher G

Anti-ADHD effects
Low dose
No side effects

Sarizotan showed an in vivo pharmaco-EEG profile resembling that of methylphenidate. It showed anti-ADHD activity in juvenile rats at low doses. Microdialysis studies revealed that free brain concentration of sarizotan at active doses were below its affinity for 5-HT1A receptors.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

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