Side Effects of metronidazole topical: A Synthesis of Findings from 4 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major Research Findings

Several studies have investigated the side effects of methylphenidate, a medication used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). These studies demonstrate that side effects can vary based on age, dosage, and individual differences. 4 , 3 , 1 , 2 . Common side effects reported in these studies include decreased appetite, insomnia, headaches, stomachaches, mood swings, and anxiety. 2 . However, these side effects are generally mild, and most children tolerate methylphenidate relatively well. 4 . Some children may experience more serious side effects like tics or social withdrawal due to methylphenidate. 1 . These side effects seem to be more common in children with intellectual disabilities. 1 .

Reasons for Side Effects

Methylphenidate, acting on the central nervous system, influences brain neurotransmitter levels, potentially leading to side effects. It elevates dopamine and norepinephrine levels. These neurotransmitters play roles in attention, focus, motivation, mood, and sleep. Changes in neurotransmitter levels caused by methylphenidate are believed to contribute to side effects.

Common Side Effects

Decreased Appetite

Methylphenidate can cause a decrease in appetite because it has an effect of suppressing appetite. 2 .

Insomnia

Methylphenidate can cause insomnia due to its stimulating properties. 2 .

Headache

Methylphenidate can lead to headaches. 2 .

Stomachache

Methylphenidate may cause stomachaches. 2 .

Mood Swings

Methylphenidate can result in mood swings. 1 , 2 .

Anxiety

Methylphenidate can trigger anxiety. 1 , 2 .

Tics

Methylphenidate can contribute to the development of tics. 1 . Tics are more likely to occur in children with intellectual disabilities. 1 .

Social Withdrawal

Methylphenidate can lead to social withdrawal. 1 . Social withdrawal is more likely to occur in children with intellectual disabilities. 1 .

Managing Side Effects

Decreased Appetite

Encourage children to eat multiple smaller meals throughout the day, make mealtime enjoyable, and consider high-calorie foods or nutritional supplements. 2 .

Insomnia

Establish a relaxing bedtime routine, such as a warm bath, reading, or meditation. 2 . Adjusting the time of methylphenidate administration may also be helpful.

Headache

Consult a doctor if headaches are severe. Over-the-counter pain relievers can be considered, but follow the doctor's instructions.

Stomachache

Consult a doctor if stomachaches are severe. The cause might be unrelated to methylphenidate. Modifying diet can sometimes alleviate stomachaches.

Mood Swings and Anxiety

Consult a doctor if mood swings or anxiety are pronounced. These symptoms may stem from a different cause than methylphenidate. Counseling or therapy can be beneficial.

Tics

Consult a doctor if tics are severe. The cause might be unrelated to methylphenidate. Treatments specifically for tics are available.

Social Withdrawal

Addressing social withdrawal is challenging as it depends on the child's personality and circumstances. However, understanding the child's situation and working collaboratively with others to provide support is crucial. 1 .

Comparison of Studies

Similarities

All these studies confirm that methylphenidate is an effective treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). They also report common side effects including decreased appetite, insomnia, headaches, stomachaches, mood swings, and anxiety. 2 . These side effects are usually mild, and most children tolerate methylphenidate well. 4 .

Differences

These studies show that side effects of methylphenidate vary in frequency and severity depending on age, dosage, and individual differences. 4 , 3 , 1 , 2 . For example, the study in 4 found that preschoolers experience more side effects compared to school-aged children. The study in 1 indicated that children with intellectual disabilities are more prone to experiencing severe side effects like tics and social withdrawal.

Real-World Applications and Cautions

Methylphenidate is an effective treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but it's crucial to be aware of the potential for side effects. Consult a doctor before starting methylphenidate and discuss the risks and benefits. During treatment, monitor the child's condition closely and consult the doctor immediately if any abnormalities arise.

Limitations of Current Research

Research on methylphenidate side effects is still limited. Additionally, the side effects of methylphenidate are known to vary greatly from individual to individual. This poses various challenges for methylphenidate side effect research.

Future Research Directions

More research is needed to gain a deeper understanding of methylphenidate side effects. Specifically, studies should investigate how age, dosage, and individual differences influence the occurrence and severity of side effects. Additionally, research focused on developing strategies to mitigate methylphenidate side effects is essential.

Conclusion

Methylphenidate is an effective medication for treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but it's important to remember the possibility of side effects. Before starting methylphenidate, consult a doctor to discuss the risks and benefits. Monitor the child's condition carefully while taking methylphenidate and contact the doctor promptly if any abnormalities are observed.

Literature analysis of 4 papers
Positive Content
3
Neutral Content
1
Negative Content
0
Article Type
4
0
0
0
4
1.

Adverse side effects of methylphenidate among mentally retarded children with ADHD.

Author: HandenB L, FeldmanH, GoslingA, BreauxA M, McAuliffeS

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder treatment
Motor tics
Social withdrawal

Methylphenidate may increase the risk of motor tics and social withdrawal in mentally retarded children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Controlled Clinical TrialA clinical trial that evaluates the effectiveness of a treatment by comparing a group that receives the intervention with a group that receives a placebo or standard treatment.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.Research funding provided by the Public Health Service (PHS).

Language : English

2.

Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systemic, placebo-controlled evaluation.

Author: BarkleyR A, McMurrayM B, EdelbrockC S, RobbinsK

ADHD treatment
Decreased appetite
Headaches
Insomnia
Stomachaches

Methylphenidate was found to be an effective treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, with few, generally mild side effects. The most common side effects reported by parents were decreased appetite, insomnia, stomachaches, and headaches.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.

Language : English

3.

Drug and placebo side effects in methylphenidate-placebo trial for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Author: FineS, JohnstonC

None mentioned
Side effects mistaken for ADHD symptoms

This study highlights the potential for misinterpretation of side effects from methylphenidate, a medication used to treat ADHD. The study found that side effects were reported on both placebo and methylphenidate, and many were similar to ADHD symptoms. This suggests that parents and teachers may mistakenly attribute ADHD symptoms to the medication, which could lead to poor adherence to treatment.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

4.

Short-term side effects of stimulant medication are increased in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study.

Author: FirestoneP, MustenL M, PistermanS, MercerJ, BennettS

Anxiety
Mood changes

Methylphenidate was generally well-tolerated by preschool children with ADHD, with no children withdrawing due to adverse effects. The most common side effects, generally observed at the higher dose (0.5 mg/kg), included decreased appetite, insomnia, and mood changes. Interestingly, some side effects were associated with improved behavior.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Randomized Controlled TrialA clinical trial that randomly assigns participants to treatment and control groups to evaluate the effects of an intervention.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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