Side Effects of mycophenolate: A Synthesis of Findings from 20 Studies

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Original Abstract of the Article

Major research findings

Mycophenolate is a commonly used immunosuppressant to prevent organ rejection after transplantation. 14 , . However, mycophenolate can cause side effects, such as gastrointestinal problems. 14 , , 11 . These side effects may be related to genetic variations in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), the enzyme responsible for metabolizing mycophenolate. 19 .

Reasons for side effects

Side effects of mycophenolate may be related to genetic variations in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), the enzyme responsible for metabolizing mycophenolate. 19 . Genetic variations in UGT can affect the rate of mycophenolate metabolism, which can increase the risk of side effects.

Common side effects

Gastrointestinal

The most common side effects of mycophenolate are gastrointestinal, such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. 14 , 11 , .

Hematologic

Mycophenolate can suppress the production of blood cells, leading to blood disorders such as leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. 19 .

Infection

Because mycophenolate is an immunosuppressant, it can increase the risk of infections. 19 .

Side effects management

Gastrointestinal

Dietary and drug therapies are used to reduce gastrointestinal side effects. For example, diarrhea can be treated with antidiarrheal medications and dietary modifications. 14 , 11 , .

Hematologic

If blood disorders are observed, treatments such as blood transfusions and hematopoietic growth factors are used. 19 .

Infection

To reduce the risk of infections, vaccinations and antibiotic administration are employed. 19 .

Comparison between studies

Commonalities

Many studies have shown that mycophenolate can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal problems, blood disorders, and infections. 14 , , 11 , 19 .

Differences

The incidence and severity of mycophenolate side effects vary between studies. This may be due to differences in study design, target patient population, and other factors. For example, one study reported a higher incidence of diarrhea from mycophenolate than other studies. 11 .

Notes on real-life application

Mycophenolate is a powerful immunosuppressant that carries the risk of side effects. Therefore, it is important to follow your doctor's instructions when taking mycophenolate. If you experience side effects, consult your doctor immediately. Promptly seek treatment, especially if you develop symptoms of infection.

Limitations of current research

Research on the side effects of mycophenolate is still insufficient. More research is needed, particularly on methods for predicting and preventing these side effects.

Future directions for research

Further research is needed to develop methods for predicting and preventing the side effects of mycophenolate. It is essential to identify genetic markers that can predict side effects and to develop new drugs that can reduce these side effects.

Conclusion

Mycophenolate is effective as an immunosuppressant after organ transplantation, but it can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal problems, blood disorders, and infections. It is crucial to follow your doctor's instructions when taking mycophenolate. If you experience any side effects, consult your doctor promptly.

Literature analysis of 20 papers
Positive Content
12
Neutral Content
6
Negative Content
2
Article Type
0
0
0
4
16
1.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor refractory colitis leading to total colectomy in a melanoma patient.

Author: BaczewskaN, PhilippartM, SipletJ, BaurainJ-F, StainierL, LaterreE, DuckL, CocheJ-C

Improved condition
Refractory colitis

This report describes a case of severe refractory colitis in a patient treated with Nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, for advanced melanoma. While immunotherapy is effective for melanoma, managing its side effects is crucial. This case highlights the importance of early recognition and aggressive management of immunotherapy-related colitis, as some cases may require surgical intervention.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

3.

Current Treatment Approach, Emerging Therapies and New Horizons in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Author: AthanassiouPanagiotis, AthanassiouLambros

Quality of life improvement
SLE treatment
Side effects

Biologic agents are increasingly being used to treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) due to their targeted approach and potential for improved outcomes. These agents target various aspects of SLE pathogenesis, including B cells and interferon I receptors. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the effectiveness and long-term safety of these agents.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

4.

Atypical Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease in a Pregnant Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Author: OunhasuttiyanonAreerat, TantranontNgoentra, SrithongkulThatsaphan

Glomerulonephritis treatment
ERSD progression
Renal dysfunction

This case report describes a pregnant woman with atypical anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, highlighting the less aggressive nature of this condition compared to the typical form, but noting the possibility of persistent renal dysfunction and progression to end-stage renal disease.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

5.

Immunosuppressive Drugs in Liver Transplant: An Insight.

Author: PanackelCharles, MathewJoe F, Fawas NMohamed, JacobMathew

Improved graft survival
Improved patient survival
Reduced immunosuppression side effects
Immunosuppression side effects

Liver transplantation (LT) requires immunosuppression to prevent rejection, but the side effects of these agents pose challenges. This review discusses the current status of personalized immunosuppression, aiming to optimize efficacy while minimizing side effects.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

6.

Neither mycophenolate acyl-glucuronide levels nor their areas under the curve are responsible for the gastrointestinal side effects in kidney transplant recipients receiving EC-MPA: a prospective trial.

Author: RaggiM C, SiebertS B, AbendrothD K, SteimerW, FriessH, ThorbanS G

Gastrointestinal side effects

This study investigated the correlation between AcMPAG blood levels and gastrointestinal satisfaction in patients. AcMPAG is a metabolite suspected to cause gastrointestinal side effects. The findings of this study may contribute to understanding the relationship between AcMPAG levels and gastrointestinal side effects.

Clinical TrialA clinical trial is a planned study conducted on humans to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and treatment methods. It aims to explore the possibilities of new treatments and improve the health of patients.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Validation StudyResearch to assess the validity and reliability of new measurement methods or diagnostic tests.

Language : English

7.

Paradox inflammatory reaction such as appendicitis epiploica and diverticulitis of the sigmoid colon under ongoing immunosuppression after previous liver transplantation (LTx).

Author: TrautweinIsabella, PetersenManuela, MarchChristine, CronerRoland S, MeyerFrank

Intraabdominal inflammation

This case report describes an acute intraabdominal inflammation as a rare complication of immunosuppressive medication using Mycophenolate mofetil and Tacrolimus after liver transplantation.

Case ReportsIn the medical field, a report that describes in detail a unique case, an unusual medical condition, or the effect of a treatment. Provides new insights and possibilities for treatment through individual patient cases.

Language : English

8.

Interstitial lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis: what can we learn from the SENSCIS trial?

Author: AssassiShervin, TumuluriSudhakar, LevinRobert W

Improved SSc-ILD management
Reduced FVC decline
Diarrhea
Gastrointestinal events

The SENSCIS trial investigated the efficacy of nintedanib versus placebo in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD). Nintedanib reduced the rate of forced vital capacity (FVC) decline compared to placebo across subgroups. The main side effects of nintedanib were gastrointestinal events.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
ReviewAn article that critically examines existing research on a particular topic and summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field.

Language : English

9.

Comparison of mid-term clinical outcome in heart transplantation patients using mycophenolate mofetil vs. enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium.

Author: JeonKina, KimDarae, ChoiJin-Oh, ChoYang Hyun, SungKiick, OhJaewon, ChoHyun Jai, JungSung-Ho, LeeHae-Young, ParkJin Joo, ChoiDong-Ju, KangSeok-Min, KimJae-Joong, JeonEun-Seok

Improved GI tolerability
Improved graft survival
GI side effects

This study aims to investigate the efficacy of enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) compared to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in heart transplantation (HTx) patients.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : English

13.

[Off-label use of mycophenolate mofetil in immune-mediated diseases].

Author: DanzaAlvaro, GrañaDiego, CasasCecilia, DomínguezViviana, RebellaMartín

Favorable response
Glucocorticoid sparing

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was found to be effective as a second-line immunosuppressive agent and a glucocorticoid sparing drug, with a favorable safety profile in patients with immune-mediated diseases (ID).

English AbstractA summary of a research paper/publication written in English for a wider audience.
Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.

Language : Spanish

19.

Influence of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase polymorphisms on mycophenolate mofetil-induced side effects in kidney transplant patients.

Author: BetônicoG N, Abbud-FilhoM, Goloni-BertolloE M, AlvarengaM P S, GuillemetteC, VilleneuveL, Benoit-BiancamanoM-O, Pavarino-BertelliE C

Blood disorders
Diarrhea
Infections

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is a drug used to prevent organ rejection after transplantation. Its effectiveness can be influenced by genetic variations in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, which are involved in its metabolism.

Journal ArticleAn article published in an academic or professional journal that reports original research or scholarly analysis.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tResearch funding provided by government agencies outside the United States.

Language : English

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